Hurricane Dog (1950)

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Dog (1950)
Type=hurricane
Year=1950
Basin=Atl
Image location=Hurricane Dog (1950).jpg

Surface weather analysis of Hurricane Dog on September 4
Formed=August 30, 1950
Dissipated=September 12, 1950
1-min winds=160
Pressurepre=≤
Pressure=979
Da

Inflated=1
Fatalities=14 direct, 5 indirect
Areas=Lesser Antilles, East Coast of the United States
Hurricane season=1950 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Dog was the most intense hurricane in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. The fourth named storm of the season, Dog developed on August 30 to the east of Antigua, and after passing through the northern Lesser Antilles turned to the north and intensified into a Category 5 hurricane. Dog reached its peak intensity of 185 mph (295 km/h) over the open Atlantic, and after weakening passed within 200 miles (320 km) of Cape Cod before becoming extratropical on September 12.

Hurricane Dog caused extensive damage to the Leeward Islands, and was considered the most severe hurricane on record in Antigua. Many buildings were destroyed or severely damaged on the island, with thousands left homeless just weeks after Hurricane Baker had caused serious damage on the island. In the United States, the hurricane caused moderate coastal damage, including damaging several boats and causing 11 offshore drownings. Strong winds caused widespread power outages across southeastern New England. Damage across its path totaled about $3 million (1950 USD, $25.7 million 2007 USD).

Meteorological history

Tropical Storm Dog was first observed as a 70 mph (120 km/h) tropical storm on August 30, when the "SS Sibrodin" reported gale force winds and an area of low pressure about 320 miles (515 km) east-southeast of Antigua. Its origin is unknown, though it is believed to have been from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on August 24. With high pressures to its northeast, the storm tracked west-northwestward, and attained hurricane status early on August 31. Hurricane Dog turned to the northwest on September 1, and intensified into a major hurricane that night as it passed just north of the northern Lesser Antilles.cite journal |author =Grady Norton | year = 1951 | month = January | title = Hurricanes of the 1950 Season | journal= Monthly Weather Review | volume =79| issue =1| pages = 11 | publisher = American Meteorological Society |issn = 0027-0644 | url = http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/079/mwr-079-01-0008.pdf |accessdate = 2007-11-01] While the hurricane was passing near the islands, the island of Saint Martin reported a pressure of 978.7 mbar, the lowest pressure recorded in association with the hurricane.cite web|author=Meteorological Service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba|year=2006|title=Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.weather.an/reports/documents/HurricanesandTropicalStorms.pdf]

Under weak steering currents, Hurricane Dog drifted northwestward as it steadily intensified, and on September 5 attained Category 5 status about 335 miles (535 km) north of the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic. The hurricane strengthened further after turning to the north-northeast, and on September 6 Hurricane Hunters estimated peak winds of 185 mph (295 km/h) about 450 miles (720 km) south-southwest of Bermuda. At the time, reconnaissance practices were in their infancy, so it is possible the hurricane was over-estimated. Although the wind speed measurements may not be accurate, Dog was a formidable hurricane while over the western Atlantic, producing wave heights of over 100 feet (30.5 m).

Hurricane Dog maintained its peak intensity for about 18 hours.cite web| author=NHC Hurricane Research Division|title=Atlantic hurricane best track|publisher=NOAA| date=2006-02-17|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyhurdat_5105.html] A building ridge of high pressure to its north caused it to decelerate and weaken steadily for unknown reasons as it turned to the west; by September 9, the intensity had decreased to 90 mph (145 km/h). On September 10, as it turned northward, Hurricane Dog briefly re-intensified slightly to winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h) before weakening again. The hurricane passed within 200 miles (320 km) of Cape Cod on September 12, and shortly afterwards it transitioned to an extratropical cyclone. The extratropical remnant turned to the east and later to the northeast, and the system persisted, finally losing its identity near Ireland on September 16.

Preparations

In the United States, the threat of the hurricane prompted the National Weather Bureau to issue warnings of gale force winds, high tides, and rough surf from the Outer Banks of North Carolina to Maine. At least 17 naval ships were moved in preparation for the hurricane. Rhode Island state police officers warned home-owners near the coast to be ready to evacuate, if necessary. There, officials also closed several beaches and canceled ferry travel along the state's southern waterways.cite news|author=Associated Press|date=1950-09-11|title=Hurricane Winds, High Tides Due Along Newport Shore Tonight|publisher=The Newport Daily News|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
] On the day of the hurricane's closest approach to the United States, the National Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Cape May, New Jersey to Eastport, Maine.cite news|author=Lowell Sun|date=1950-09-12|title=Hurricane Misses Nantucket|accessdate=2007-04-02|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
]

Impact

Passing through the Lesser Antilles, Hurricane Dog produced a storm surge of 8 feet (2.4 m) in Antigua.cite web|author=Hurricanecity.com|year=2006|url=http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/antigua.htm|accessdate=2007-04-01|title=Antigua Hurricanes] Winds on Antigua and Barbuda were estimated at 130 mph (210 km/h), with a gust of 144 mph (231 km/h) recorded at St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda.cite news|author=International News Service|date=1950-09-02|title=Second Hurricane Lashes Caribbean|publisher=The Charleston Gazette|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
] On Antigua, where hurricane force winds were reported for 6 hours, residents considered it the most severe hurricane in history. Hurricane Dog left thousands homeless on Antigua, just weeks after Hurricane Baker caused severe damage on the island.cite news|author=Canadian Press|date=1950-09-02|title=Havoc Heaped On Antigua As Storm Strikes Again|publisher=Daily Gleaner|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
] Damage throughout the Lesser Antilles totaled $1 million (1950 USD, $8.5 million 2007 USD), primarily on Antigua and Barbuda and included many damaged or destroyed homes, ruined crops, blocked roads from washouts or fallen trees, and power outages across the islands. The passage of the hurricane resulted in several shipwrecks; two people drowned when their small boat capsized. The hurricane sank a boat on the island of Saint-Barthélemy, where damage amounted to $70,000 (1950 USD, $590,000 2007 USD).cite web|author=Edouard Magras|year=2006|title=St-Barth Weekly|publisher=Le Journal de Saint-Barth|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.st-barths.com/jsb/pdf_files/weekly82.pdf]

In the Mid-Atlantic States, heavy levels of precipitation were reported, leading to flash floods in some locations. In Bel Aire, Maryland, a car drove into the swollen Gunpowder River; three people in the car drowned and a fourth was injured. A further two people drowned in Lexington, Virginia. Though newspaper sources attributed the heavy rainfall to Hurricane Dog, this was not confirmed.

The hurricane produced high tides and rough surf along the East Coast of the United States, with coastal flooding reported along some beaches in Rhode Island. The hurricane capsized or damaged several boats along the coastline, including two large vessels in Nantucket. In Marblehead, Massachusetts, the surf grounded at least 15 vessels from the harbor on a coastal causeway. Near Cape Cod, damage to fishermen's assets totaled $150,000 (1950 USD, $1.3 million 2007 USD). Tides along Nantucket were reported at the highest levels since the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane. Hurricane Dog produced powerful wind gusts along coastal areas of New England, which caused widespread power outages, including a loss of power to 15 towns on Cape Cod, to hundreds of residences on Nantucket, and to several other locations in the area. Additionally, winds from the hurricane destroyed two small barns and uprooted a few trees, some of which blocked roads. The hurricane deposited light to moderate rainfall across southeastern Massachusetts, ranging from around 1 inch (25 mm) to about 4 to 5 inches (100 to 125 mm) near Nantucket.cite web|author=National Weather Service and the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University at Albany: State University of New York|year=2001|title=41 Tropical Cyclones producing > 4 inches of rainfall in the Northeast U.S. during the period 1950 – 2001|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/deluca/Season2.pdf] cite web|author=National Weather Service and the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University at Albany: State University of New York|year=2001|title=Hurricane Dog Storm Track and Precipitation|accessdate=2007-04-01|url=http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/deluca/dog1950.ps.gif] In Provincetown, a car hit a woman, neither the driver nor the victim were able to see due to the rains. A man in Falmouth was paralyzed from the waist downwards after coming into contact with a wet tree limb next to a downed power line. Overall damage was fairly light, totaling about $2 million (1950 USD, $17 million 2007 USD) — a much lower total than would have been expected if the hurricane had made landfall. In all, 12 people died in New England as a result of the hurricane.

Naming, records, and aftermath

During the 1950, 1951, and 1952 seasons, Atlantic hurricanes were named using the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet.cite web|author=Atlantic Tropical Weather Center|year=2003|title=Tropical cyclone naming|accessdate=2007-04-02|url=http://www.atwc.org/athist.txt] However, Hurricane Dog was referred as "the great hurricane in the central Atlantic" in newspaper reports, and its name was seldom used. Operationally, hurricanes were not referred to by name until 1952.cite news|author=O'Neil Hendrick|date=1952-08-31|title=Coastal City Whipped by Hurricane|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=2007-04-02|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
]

Hurricane Dog retains the record for longest continuous duration for a Category 5 Atlantic hurricane, although Hurricane Allen spent longer total time as a Category 5. On September 4, Hurricane Dog was one of three simultaneous Atlantic hurricanes, along with Charlie and Easy. This is a rare occurrence in the Atlantic Ocean, and has only happened six times since 1950—in 1961, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1998, and 2005. This also occurred on August 31 with Baker, Charlie and Dog.

Additionally, Dog remains one of only three Category 5 hurricanes to avoid land in the historical database–the others were Easy and Cleo, both of which also occurred in the 1950s.

In the aftermath of the hurricane, the newspaper "The Daily Gleaner" started a hurricane relief fund and requested its viewers to assist the country of Antigua. Four days after the hurricane, the fund totaled ₤171,000 (1950 GBP, $2.5 million 2007 USD). One Antigua official stated the country "would appreciate voluntary assistance from outside, especially food and clothing". cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=1950-09-05|title=Gleaner Opens Antigua Fund|publisher=The Daily Gleaner|accessdate=2007-04-02|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
] Relief aid was also sent from the United States to the affected islands.cite news|author=Associated Press|date=1950-09-12|title=Hurricane Relief Rushed|accessdate=2007-04-02|url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?
]

ee also

* List of Atlantic hurricanes
* List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

References

External links

* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1950.pdf 1950 Monthly Weather Review]