Dmytro Yavornytsky

Photo of Dmytro Yavornytsky in 1885.

Dmytro Yavornytsky (Ukrainian: Дмитро Яворницький, Russian: Дмитрий Яворницкий, Dmitry Yavornitsky, also known by his pen name Evarnitsky), (November 6, 1855 — August 5, 1940) was a noted Ukrainian historian, archeologist, ethnographer, folklorist, and lexicographer. He was one of the most prominent researchers of the Ukrainian Cossacks, especially the Zaporozhian Cossacks (or Zaporozhian Host), and the author of their first general history. In recognition of his many contributions to the preservation of Zaporozhian history and culture, he is widely known as "the Father of the Zaporozhians".

Education and career

Yavornytsky was educated at Kharkiv, Kazan, and Warsaw universities but his academic career was repeatedly interrupted by the Imperial Russian authorities for political reasons. Both as a student and later as a teacher, he was accused of Ukrainian "separatism" and dismissed from his position. In the 1890s, he was compelled to go to Russian Turkestan in order to find employment. In 1897, the Russian historian Vasily Klyuchevsky helped him to obtain a position as lecturer on the Zaporozhian Cossacks at Moscow University. In 1902, when he was offered a position as Director of the Yekaterinoslav Historical Museum in central Ukraine, he gladly accepted and remained there to the end of his life.

Historian

The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey (1880-91). Yavornytsky is pictured as the secretary in the centre of the painting.

As a historian, Yavornytsky displayed a romantic-antiquarian approach to his subject and was a conscious follower of his predecessor, the Ukrainian historian, Mykola Kostomarov. He was an enthusiast who avidly sought out documents and material artifacts, as well as stories and the songs of the elderly, concerning the Zaporozhian Cossacks, and he wrote his histories on the basis of this material. He was a pioneer of Zaporozhian history and was the first to compile an extensive archive of materials on their entire history — from their origins, to their demise. He published much of this material in various collections, often at his own expense.

Yavornytsky's major work was the History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks which was published in Russian in three volumes between 1892 and 1897. He planned, but never completed, a fourth volume. In this and in his other works, he portrayed the Zaporozhians as representatives of Ukrainian liberty. Later Ukrainian historians criticized him as being uncritical and unsystematic in his collection of source materials (Mykhailo Hrushevsky) and lacking an appreciation for Ukrainian statehood (Dmytro Doroshenko), but Yavornytsky wrote at a time when political circumstances and the Imperial Russian censors were extremely oppressive^[1] and any synthesis of Ukrainian history which displayed an enthusiasm for the subject, let alone political independence, was highly suspect^[1]. His History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was a pioneering work which did display such an enthusiasm.

Other scholarly interests

As an ethnographer, folklorist, and lexicographer, Yavornytsky was also a pioneer. He made numerous contributions to the historical geography of the Zaporozhian lands, and mapped in detail the Dnieper River rapids with the locations of the various Zaporozhian Siches, or fortified headquarters. He published a large collection of Ukrainian folksongs (1906; partly reprinted, 1990) as soon as the censor would permit it, contributed to Borys Hrinchenko's great Ukrainian dictionary, and after the Russian Revolution, began publication of one of his own (1920).

He increased the holdings of the Yekaterinoslav Museum from 5,000 to 80,000 items. He commissioned the best Ukrainian and Russian artists of his time (Opanas Slastion, Serhii Vasylkivsky, Nikolai Samokish, and Ilya Repin) to illustrate his various books, which were, sometimes works of art in themselves. Especially notable in this regard is his From Ukrainian Antiquity (1900; reprinted in Ukrainian translation, 1991) which was lavishly illustrated in full colour and contained parallel texts in Russian and French so that it could be read abroad.

Legacy

Monument to Dmytro Yavornytsky. Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.

During the Joseph Stalin repressions of the 1930s, Yavornytsky was prevented from publishing and had to keep a very low profile. During the Holodomor (the Ukrainian famine of 1932–33), he felt compelled to give away artifacts from his collections to obtain food for starving local peasants and others.

His death passed unnoticed both in the USSR and in the wider world. The Yekaterinoslav (today Dnipropetrovsk) Museum was eventually renamed in his honour and he was partially rehabilitated during the Nikita Khrushchev and Petro Shelest eras. Materials about him began to appear, and in the early 1970s, a four volume collection of his works was prepared for publication. Political circumstances again prevented this from happening, but with the advent of the Perestroika reforms in the late 1980s, new materials began to appear and his major works were republished. At that time, his History of the Zaporozhian Cossacks was reprinted both in Russian and in Ukrainian (1990–91). The Ukrainian edition contains numerous additional illustrations. In 2004, the first volume of his Collected Works in Twenty Volumes was published. The first ten volumes of this collection will contain his historical, geographical, and archeological works, the second ten volumes, his works on folklore, ethnography, and language.

Today, Yavornytsky is still widely revered as "the Father of the Zaporozhians".

Trivia

Detail of The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks (1880-91) in which Yavornytsky is pictured as the secretary.

Yavornytsky is portrayed on the painting of Ilya Repin's "The Satirical Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of Turkey" as the secretary penning the letter to the Sultan. Repin consulted Yavornytsky during his work on the painting and made use of several artifacts from the historian's collection to use as accurate models.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Літописець Запорозької Січі - Минуло 150 років вiд дня народження Дмитра Яворницького", Ukraina Moloda, November 2011, (Ukrainian)

Literature

• Dmytro Doroshenko, "Survey of Ukrainian Historiography," Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the US, V-VI (1957), 242–4.
• Thomas M. Prymak, "Dmytro Yavornytsky and the Romance of Cossack History," Forum: A Ukrainian Review, no. 82 (Summer–Fall 1990), 17–23. This article is richly illustrated.

External links

• Artworks by Dmitry Yavornitsky
• Bibliography Dmitry Yavornitsky
• Dnepropetrovsk National Historic Museum named D.I. Yavornitsky
• Yavornytsky, Dmytro. Biography.
• Історія запорізьких козаків History of Zaporizhian Cossacks by Dmytro Yavornytsky (Ukrainian).

Persondata
Name	Yavornytsky, Dmytro
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Date of birth	1855
Place of birth
Date of death	1940
Place of death