Treaty of Tientsin

Treaty of Tientsin
Treaty of Tientsin
Signing the Treaty of Tientsin.jpg
Signing of the treaty between Britain and China
Traditional Chinese 天津條約
Simplified Chinese 天津条约

Several documents known as the "Treaty of Tien-tsin" were signed in Tianjin (Tientsin) in June 1858, ending the first part of the Second Opium War (1856–1860). The Second French Empire, United Kingdom, Russian Empire, and the United States were the parties involved. These treaties opened more Chinese ports (see Treaty of Nanking) to the foreigners, permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing, allow Christian missionary activity, and legalized the import of opium.

They were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war.

Contents

Dates

Terms

Major points

  1. Britain, France, Russia, and the United States would have the right to station legations in Beijing (Peking, a closed city at the time)
  2. Eleven more Chinese ports would be opened for foreign trade, including Newchwang, Tamsui (Taiwan), Hankou and Nanjing
  3. The right of foreign vessels including warships to navigate freely on the Yangtze River
  4. The right of foreigners to travel in the internal regions of China for the purpose of travel, trade or missionary activities
  5. China was to pay an indemnity to Britain and France in 2 million taels of silver respectively, and compensation to British merchants in 3 million taels of silver.
  6. Official letters and other documents exchanged between China and Britain are to be banned from referring to British Officials and Subjects of the Crown by the character "夷" (yí), meaning "barbarian".

Definitions

The Treaties of Tientsin uses several words that have somewhat ambiguous meanings. For example the words “settlement” and “concession” can often be confused. The term “settlement” refers to a parcel of land leased to a foreign power and is composed of both foreign and national peoples; locally elected foreigners govern them. The term “concession” refers to a long-term lease of land to a foreign power where the foreign nation has complete control of the land; it is governed by consular representation.[1]

American involvement

Following the pattern set by the great powers of Europe, the United States took on a protectionist stance, built up its navy, and tried to create a mercantile empire. The United States was one of the leading signing “treaty powers” in China, forcing open a total of 23 foreign concessions from the Chinese government. While it is often noted that the United States did not control any settlements in China, they shared British land grants and were actually invited to take land in Shanghai but refused because the land was thought to be disadvantageous.[2]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ William C Johnstone. "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Port of China." American Political Science Review 31.5 (Oct. 1937): 942.
  2. ^ Ibid. 945

References

Additional sources

  • William C Johnstone. "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Port of China." American Political Science Review 31.5 (Oct. 1937): 942-8.
  • Bloch, Kurt. "The Basic Conflict Over Foreign Concessions in China." Far Eastern Survey 8.10 (May 1939): 111-6.
  • Pictures of the "Treaty Temple" in Tianjin and Texts of the treaties, Wason Library, Cornell University [1]

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Tientsin Accord — The Tientsin Accord or Li Fournier Convention, concluded on 11 May 1884, was intended to settle an undeclared war between France and China over the sovereignty of Tonkin (northern Vietnam). The convention, negotiated by Li Hung chang for China… …   Wikipedia

  • Tientsin, Treaties of — (1858)    A set of agreements that opened China to further foreign penetration. It was one of the unequal treaties signed between China and the Imperial powers. The First Opium War had started the process of active foreign aggression against… …   Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914

  • Tientsin Incident — Tienstsin Incident Part of Second Sino Japanese War Date June 14, 1939 – August 20, 1939 Location Tianjin, China …   Wikipedia

  • Treaty ports — This article refers to ports in East Asia. For the Anglo Irish Treaty ports, see Treaty Ports (Ireland). Treaty ports were port cities in China, Japan and Korea opened to foreign trade by the Unequal Treaties.The first five treaty ports in China… …   Wikipedia

  • Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan) — The Nihongo|Treaty of Amity and Commerce|日米修好通商条約|Nichibei Shūkō Tsūshō Jōyaku between the United States and Japan was signed at the Ryōsen ji in Shimoda on July 29, 1858.The treatyThe treaty followed the 1854 Convention of Kanagawa, which… …   Wikipedia

  • Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 — The Treaty of Peace with Italy was a treaty signed in Paris on February 10, 1947, between the Italian Republic ( Repubblica Italiana ) and the victorious powers of World War II, formally ending the hostilities. It came into general effect on… …   Wikipedia

  • Treaty Ports —    Ports in China, Japan, and Korea that were opened to the trade and residence of foreigners under pressure from Western powers. The Treaty of Nanjing ending the Opium War in 1842 forced China to open five treaty ports; a second list of ports… …   Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914

  • TIENTSIN —    (950), an important city and river port of China, on the Pei ho, 34 m. from its mouth and 80 m. SE. of Peking, of which it is the port; since 1858 has been one of the open treaty ports, and in 1861 a British consulate was established; three… …   The Nuttall Encyclopaedia

  • Unequal Treaty — ▪ Chinese history       in Chinese history, any of a series of treaties in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights. They were negotiated during the 19th and early 20th centuries between China and foreign… …   Universalium

  • Burlingame Treaty — The Burlingame Treaty, between the United States and China, amended the Treaty of Tientsin and established formal friendly relations between the two countries, with the United States granting China Most Favored Nation status. It was ratified in… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”