Warcraft: Orcs & Humans

Warcraft: Orcs & Humans
Warcraft: Orcs & Humans
Warcraft - Orcs & Humans Coverart.png
The box art for Warcraft: Orcs & Humans
Developer(s) Blizzard Entertainment[1]
Publisher(s)
Designer(s) Blizzard Entertainment[3]
Series Warcraft
Version 1.22h (PC) / 1.06 (Mac)
Platform(s) MS-DOS, Mac OS[1]
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Real-time strategy[3]
Mode(s) Single player, Multiplayer[3]
Media/distribution CD-ROM/4 Diskettes 1.44 MB

Warcraft: Orcs & Humans is a real-time strategy game (RTS), developed by Blizzard Entertainment and published by Blizzard and Interplay Entertainment. The MS-DOS version was released in November 1994 and the Macintosh version in late 1996. Sales were fairly high, reviewers were mostly impressed, and the game won three awards and was a finalist for three others. There was a CD re-release, namely version 1.22h (CD version), that didn't have the word-from-the-user-manual copy protection of prior versions. The sequel, Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, became the main rival to Westwood Studios' Command & Conquer series, and this competition fostered an RTS boom in the mid to late 1990s.

Although Warcraft: Orcs & Humans was not the first RTS title to offer multiplayer games, Blizzard's game persuaded a wider audience that multiplayer facilities were essential for future RTS titles. The game introduced innovations in mission design and gameplay elements, which were adopted by other RTS developers.

Blizzards's main emphases in these games were on skillful management of relatively small forces and on development of characterization and storyline within and between games played in the same universe.

Contents

Gameplay

Warcraft: Orcs & Humans is a real time strategy game (RTS),[3] in other words the contenders play at the same time and continuously, so that players have to move quickly.[4][5] One player represents the Human inhabitants of Azeroth, and the other controls the invading Orcs.[6][7] Each side tries to destroy the other by collecting resources and creating an army.[3] In addition both sides have to ward off dangers from wild monsters, but sometimes can use some monsters as troops.[8][9][10] The game plays in a medieval setting with fantasy elements. Both sides have melee units and ranged units, and also spellcasters.[4]

Modes

Warcraft: Orcs & Humans's gameplay expanded the Dune II "build base, build army, destroy enemy" paradigm to include other modes of game play.[3] These included several new mission types, such as conquering rebels of the player's race, rescuing and rebuilding besieged towns, rescuing friendly forces from an enemy camp and then destroying the main enemy base, and limited-forces missions, in which neither side could make further units, and making efficient use of one's platoon was a key strategy element.[11] In one mission, the gamer had to kill the Orc chief's daughter.[12]

The game also allows two players to compete in multiplayer contests by modem or local networks,[13] and enables gamers with the MS-DOS and Macintosh version to play each other.[12] Multiplayer and AI skirmishes that are not part of campaigns were supported by a random map generator.[3][12][13] The game also allowed spawn installations to be made.[12]

Economy and power

Warcraft requires players to collect resources, and to produce buildings and units in order to defeat an opponent in combat.[3] Non-combatant builders deliver the resources to the Town Center from mines, from which gold is dug, and forests, where wood is chopped.[4] As both are limited resources which become exhausted during the game, gamers must collect them efficiently, and must also retain forests as defensive walls in the early game when combat forces are small.[11]

The lower-level buildings for Humans and Orcs have the same functions, but different graphics.[3] The Town Hall stores resources and produces units that collect resources and construct buildings. Each Farm provides food for up to four units, and additional units cannot be produced until enough Farms are built.[14][15] The Barracks produces all non-magical combat units, including melee, ranged, mounted, and siege units. However all except the most basic also need assistance from other buildings,[14] some of which can also upgrade units.[12]

Each side can construct two types of magical buildings, each of which produces one type of spellcaster and researches more advanced spells for that type.[6] These advanced buildings can be constructed only with assistance from other buildings.[14][15][16][17] The Human Cleric and Orc Necrolyte can both defend themselves by magic and also see distant parts of the territory for short periods.[18][19] The Cleric's other spells are protective, healing the injured and making himself invisible,[18] while the Necrolyte raises skeletons as troops and can make other units temporarily invulnerable, at the cost of severely damaging them when the spell dissipates.[19] The Human Conjurer and Orc Warlock have energy blasts, wider-range destruction spells and the ability to summon small, venomous monsters. The Conjurer can summon a water elemental, while the Warlock can summon a demonic melee unit.[18][19]

User interface

Orcs (red) attack a Human town and its defenders (blue). The flaming building is close to collapse, and the burnt ground to its left is the remains of a razed building. The numbers across the top are the gamer's reserves of lumber and gold. The unit marked with a light green box is currently selected, and its details appear in the lower left panel. The upper left panel is the mini-map, which shows all the territory fought over, mostly not yet discovered by the gamer, and enables the gamer to select a part of the territory to view.

The main screen has three areas: the largest, to the right, is the part of the territory on which the gamer is currently operating; the top left is the minimap; and, if a building or unit(s) is selected, the bottom left shows their status and any upgrades and the actions that can be performed.[20] The status details include a building's or unit's health, including its progress if being constructed, and any upgrades the object has completed.[11] The Menu control, at the very bottom on the left, provides access to save game, load game and other menu functions.[20]

Initially most of the main map and minimap are blacked out, but the visible area expands as the gamer's units explore the map. The mini-map shows a summary of the whole territory, with blue dots for the gamer's buildings and units and red dots for enemy ones. The gamer can click in the main map or the minimap to scroll the main map around the territory.[20]

All functions can be invoked by the mouse. Keys can also invoke the game setup, some of the menu options and some gameplay functions including scrolling and pausing the game.[20] Gamers can select single units by clicking, and groups of up to four by shift-clicking or bandboxing.[12][20] To move units, gamers can shift the mouse to select units on the main map, move to the unit menu to select an action, and then back to the main map to specify the target area; but shortcut keys can eliminate the middle mouse action in this cycle.[11][20]

Storyline

The Orcs originated from another world, Draenor, where the majority were bloodthirsty warriors driven by strife. However, their Warlocks remained aloof, devoting their time to the research of magic. The Warlocks noticed a rift between the dimensions and, after many years, opened a small portal to another world. One Warlock explored and found a region, whose Human inhabitants called it "Azeroth", from which the Warlock returned with strange plants as evidence of his discovery.[21]

The Orcs enlarged the portal until they could transport seven warriors, who massacred a Human village. The platoon brought back samples of good food and fine workmanship, and a report that the Humans were defenseless. The Orcs' raiding parties grew larger and bolder, until they assaulted Azeroth's principal castle. However, the Humans had been training warriors of their own, especially the mounted, heavily-armed Knights. These, assisted by Human Sorcerors, gradually forced the Orcs to retreat through the portal, which the Humans had not discovered.[21]

For the next fifteen years, one faction of Orcs demanded that the portal be closed. However a chief of exceptional cunning realized that the Humans, although out-numbered, had prevailed through the use of superior tactics, organization, and by magic. He united the clans, imposed discipline on their army and sought new magics from the Warlocks and Necromancers. Their combined forces were ready to overthrow the Humans.[21]

Development and publication

The first RTS games appeared in the early 1980s or even in the 1970s,[22][23][24] and others followed in the early 1990s.[25] However, Westwood Studios's Dune II, released for DOS in 1992, established the pattern of modern RTS games.[5][25] Blizzard Entertainment was surprised that no further RTS titles appeared in 1993 and early 1994[3][6] – although in fact Westwood had quietly been working on Command & Conquer since the completion of Dune II.[26] To take advantage of the lull in RTS releases, Blizzard produced Warcraft: Orcs & Humans. While later "...craft" games were famous for complex stories presented lavishly,[27] the first member of the series had no script and was improvised in the recording studio by one of the game's producers.[28] The contract composer Gregory Alper wrote music that Blizzard staff found reminiscent of Holst's The Planets.[29] Demos in summer 1994 whetted appetites for the completed game, released for MS-DOS in November 1994[3][6] and for the Macintosh in 1996.[12] The game was published by Blizzard in North America and by Interplay Entertainment in Europe,[2] and Sold-Out Software republished the MS-DOS version in March 2002.[30]

Reception

 Reception
Review scores
Publication Score
Game Revolution A-[31]
PC Gamer US 92%[1]
Mac Gamer 92%[1][12]
Coming Soon 91%[1]
Joystick 85%[1]
PC Games (Germany) 85%[1]
Abandonia 80%[1][32]
High Score (Mac) 80%[1]
Just Games Retro 78%[1][11]

Warcraft: Orcs & Humans became by far the company's greatest success to that date, and for the first time made the company's finances secure.[6] In November 1995 Entertainment Weekly reported that the game ranked 19th of the top 20 CDs across all categories.[33]

Although reviews did not appear until months later,[6] MobyGames's collection of reviews shows scores from 92% to 75%, except that MobyGames estimated a score of 40% for a Swedish review.[1][34] In Dragon Paul Murphy described the game as "great fun – absorbing and colorful,"[35] and Scott Love praised its solid strategy, simple interface and fantasy theme.[12] Warcraft: Orcs & Humans won PC Gamer’s Editors' Choice Award, Computer Life’s Critics' Pick and the Innovations Award at the Consumer Electronics Show, Winter 1995. It was a finalist for Computer Gaming World’s Premier award, PC Gamer’s Strategy Game of the Year and the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences's Best Strategy award.[36]

The early stage of a game can be slow, as the player must produce a few basic buildings and peasants in order to gather resources, and then start building combat units.[11] Meanwhile the AI does not have to spend as much effort on gathering resources and often starts with more buildings, which forces the player to spend more of each contest on the defensive.[11]

While the basic units of the two sides were identical, the more advanced forces favored the Orcs, especially the Daemon, summoned by the Orc Warlock.[11][37]

The user interface had an unsophisticated appearance, but worked in most respects.[11] However the selecting of no more than four units at a time was restrictive.[11] Gamers found the play hard work, as often two or three of the gamer's units would attack without orders, while the rest still did nothing,[12] and buildings could also lie idle without orders.[38] There was no queuing of construction or research.[11]

Some reviewers thought the game's AI was unintelligent and predictable,[3] and one wished for a facility to set the difficulty level.[12] Others found the AI's raids were well managed, and usually found the weaknesses in the gamer's position.[11] One reviewer found pathfinding adequate,[12] while others found it very poor,[3] and one considered this as typical of RTS games.[39]

On both the DOS and Macintosh versions, the game ran very slowly during large battles.[11][12]

The good stereo sound helped gamers to locate events that occurred outside the current viewport.[12][31] Some reviewers like units' speech effects, especially in response to repeated clicks,[39] while others found this monotonous.[11][12] Game Revolution’s review of the Mac version complained that Warcraft: Orcs & Humans’s graphics, which were ported from the DOS version's VGA, did not exploit the Macintosh's superior resolution.[31] However, Game Revolution and Mac Gamer agreed that visual shortcomings did not reduce Mac gamers' enjoyment of the engrossing gameplay. Both also complained that the Macintosh was released about a year later than the DOS version.[12][31]

Legacy

Predecessors and innovations

Main articles: Warcraft, Command & Conquer, and Real-time strategy

The first RTS game was developed in the 1970s on a mainframe,[24] and RTS for home computers appeared in the early 1980s.[40][41] Dune II, released in 1992, established conventions that most subsequent RTS games followed,[42] including the "collect resources, build base and army, destroy opponents" pattern.[4] Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, two years later, was the next well-known RTS game,[3] and introduced new types of missions, including conquering rebels of the player's race and limited-forces missions, in which neither side could make further units.[3][11][12] It also included skirmishes, in other words single-player games that were not part of a larger campaign. To support multiplayer and skirmishes, Warcraft: Orcs & Humans used a random map generator,[3] a feature previously seen in the turn-based strategy game Civilization.[43][44] In 1995 Westwood's RTS Command & Conquer series adopted the use of non-standard mission types and skirmishes,[45][46] and Microsoft's Age of Empires included these features and a random map generator in 1997.[47]

Modem Wars, released in 1988 for DOS and the Commodore 64,[48] was the first RTS with multiplayer games by means of modems.[24] Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, which allow two gamers to compete by modem or local networks,[13] persuaded a wider audience that multiplayer competition was much more challenging than contents against the artificial intelligence (AI), and made multiplayer facilities essential for future RTS titles.[6]

Realms, released in 1991 for DOS, Amiga and Atari ST, had a medieval theme,[49][50] with melee and ranged units, and allowed gamers to resolve combat automatically or in a RTS-type style.[51][52] Warcraft: Orcs & Humans was the first typical RTS to be presented in a medieval setting, and its units included spellcasters as well as melee and ranged units.[3]

Sequels

Main articles: Warcraft, StarCraft (series) , and Real-time strategy
Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, showing new units and structures; new terrain, including ice; and SVGA graphics

The success of Warcraft: Orcs & Humans motivated Blizzard to publish a sequel, Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness, in December 1995,[3][39] and an expansion pack, Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal, in 1996.[6] In autumn 1995 Westwood had released Command & Conquer, and the competition between these two sequels made the RTS genre popular,[39] and defined the genre.[53] Blizzard's new game's enhancements included: naval and air units, supported by new buildings and a new resource, oil;[54] excellent artwork rendered in SVGA graphics; improved sound including additional responses from units; a much better AI; and new mechanisms such as patroling (moving continuously along a route for surveillance or defense).[55] A further generation of the Warcraft: Orcs & Humans lineage, called Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, was released in July 2002,[56] and gained instant and enduring acclaim with both critics and players.[57]

In April 1998 Blizzard released StarCraft, an RTS with the concepts and mechanisms of Warcraft but an interplanetary setting and three totally different races.[58] Starcraft and its expansion StarCraft: Brood War were well received by critics,[59][60] and became very successful. World of Warcraft, released in North America in November 2004[61] and in Europe in February 2005, was Blizzard's first attempt at a massively multiplayer online role-playing game, and used the universe of the Warcraft RTS games, including characters first that appeared in Warcraft: Orcs & Humans.[62] WoW was praised highly by critics,[63] was the most popular MMORG in 2008, [64] and in 2007 became the most profitable video game ever created.[65]

Beyond video games, Warcraft franchises include board games,[66] card games,[67] books,[68] and comics.[69] A film titled Warcraft is in production and expected to be released in 2013.[70]

Blizzard style of RTS games

Main articles: Starcraft, World of Warcraft, and Blizzard Entertainment

Warcraft: Orcs & Humans was a moderate critical and commercial success,[1][33] and laid the ground for Blizzard's style of RTS, in which personality was a distinctive element. The increasingly humorous responses to clicking a unit repeatedly became a trademark of the company. Warcraft: Orcs & Humans introduced characters that also appeared in the enormously successful massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft. The company's manuals presented detailed backstories and artwork.[39] StarCraft used a futuristic theme, but placed the same emphasis on characterization. In all the Blizzard RTS games and in World of Warcraft, units must be managed carefully, rather than treated as expendable hordes. Blizzard has produced fewer expansion packs than Westwood, but integrated the story of each with its predecessors.[27]

References

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Bibliography

The manual is organized as two separate books with separate page ranges, but in one binding. Both parts contain common sections such as the technical requirements and game set-up instructions.

  • Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (Humans). Irvine, California: Blizzard Entertainment. 1994.  (Mac version)
  • Warcraft: Orcs & Humans (Orcs). Irvine, California: Blizzard Entertainment. 1994.  (Mac version)

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