Orang Asal

Indigenous people from Peninsular Malaysia

The Orang Asal are the indigenous people of Malaysia. The term is Malay for "Original People", and the Orang Asal along with Malays are granted Bumiputra status in Malaysia.

The Orang Asal in Peninsular Malaysia are collectively known as the Orang Asli, and form small minorities there. However, the Orang Asal of East Malaysia form a majority of the population.

Etymology

The term "Orang Asal" means "Original People".^[1] It was originally used by Communist insurgents in the Malayan Emergency in order to gain the support of these tribal groups.^[2]

Status

Orang Asal are officially bumiputra, which grants them special privileges in Malaysian society. However, their societies remain marginalized, and they have been said to be "Second class Bumiputra's."^[3] A current issue is in regards to land, which is often taken for developmental purposes.^[1] This has caused many issues, including court cases and divisions between federal and state governments.^[4] In addition, illegal logging often occurs on what is considered their traditional land.^[5] Issues have occurred in relation to immigration, where immigrants are often given identity cards ahead of the Orang Asal.^[3] In addition, many have been pressed to be assimilated into mainstream culture and convert to Islam.^[4] Orang asal are often moved in response to development, the incomplete Bakun Dam in Sarawak has forced 11,000 to move.^[6]

Divisions

Iban Longhouse constructed using modern materials

Orang Asal are located throughout Malaysia, making up 11% of the population,^[7] about 2.1million people. Orang Asal is an overarching term, encompassing all indigenous people on both Peninsula and East Malaysia.^[1]

Those on the Peninsula are known more specifically as the Orang Asli, numbering around 149,500,^[1] make up only 0.7% of the total Malaysian population. They are officially 19 ethnic subgroups, classed as either Negrito, Senoi, or Proto-Malay.^[8]

Some numbers differ, but East Malaysia contains a total of about 64 indigenous groups, around 39 in Sabah and 25 in Sarawak.^[3] Orang Asal make up 60% of Sabah's population, and 50% of Sarawak's population. Sabah's population is hugely diversified, with over 50 languages and 80 dialects spoken.^[8] The largest group on Sarawak is the Iban.^[9]

Culture

An Orang asli starting a fire

The Orang Asal have their own religions and customs, as well as unique languages.^[1] Languages spoken are generally from the Austronesian and Austro-Asiatic language families. The languages of the peninsular can be divided between Negrito, Senoi, and Malayic, together divided into about 18 subgroups. However, all languages are in danger of being lost as the children in the tribes learn Malay and English. The primary languages in East Malaysia are Kadazan-Dusun and Iban, both used by multiple indigenous groups. Unlike in the peninsular, these languages are commonly used in everyday life.^[9]

In the peninsular each subgroup is culturally distinct from the others, with lifestyles varying from fishermen to farmers to hunter-gatherers. Although many are now settled due to the intrusion of modern life, some remain semi-nomadic.^[8]

The population of Sabah are traditionally subsistence farmers, although nowadays they are becoming more involved in local government. Many Orang Asal in Sarawak subsist of rice, supplementing the meal with hunting. Some also remain semi-nomadic.^[8] The Orang Asal of East Malaysia are known for artwork such as their wooden masks.^[10]

See also

Malaysia portal

• Demographics of Malaysia

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sze, Puah (2006-03-13). "Crafting Culture: The Orang Asal of Malaysia". Wild Asia. http://www.wildasia.org/main.cfm/support/Crafting_Culture. Retrieved 2010-11-23. 
2. ^ Benjamin, Geoffrey (2002). Tribal communities in the Malay world: historical, cultural and social perspectives. Singapore: International Institute for Asian Studies. p. 120. ISBN 981-230-166-6. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=06jrgQS0lUkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Malaysia: Land, autonomy and empowerment for the Orang Asal". Indigenousportal.com. 2010-09-24. http://www.indigenousportal.com/Economic-Development/Malaysia-Land-autonomy-and-empowerment-for-the-Orang-Asal.html. Retrieved 2010-11-23. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Wessendorf, Kathrin (April 2009). The Indigenous World 2009. Copenhagen: The International Workgroup for Indigenous Affairs. pp. 330–331. ISBN 978-87-91563-57-7. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sKjaI_bHlpUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
5. ^ "Lawyers want S'wak to remove entry ban on Suhakam official". Thestar.com.my. 2010-11-04. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/11/4/nation/20101104150140&sec=nation. Retrieved 2010-11-23. 
6. ^ Richmond, Simon (2010). Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Lonely Planet. pp. 81–82. ISBN 1741048877. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=VMKOuzRxOJsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
7. ^ "Malaysia". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html. Retrieved 2010-11-23. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} "Indigenous Peoples in Malaysia". International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. http://www.iwgia.org/sw18358.asp. Retrieved 2010-11-30. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Kamila Ghazali. "National Identity and Minority Languages". United Nations. http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true. Retrieved 2010-11-29. 
10. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2008). World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 1218–1220. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false.