Long house

In archaeology and anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long, narrow, single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe and North America.

Many were built from timber and often represent the earliest form of permanent structure in many cultures. Types include the Neolithic long house of Europe, the Medieval Dartmoor longhouse and the Native American long house.

Europe

In archaeology there are two European longhouse types that are now extinct.
*The Neolithic long house type was introduced with the first farmers of central and western Europe around 5000 BCE—7000 years ago.
*The Germanic cattle farmer longhouses emerged along the southwestern North Sea coast in the third or fourth century BC and might be the ancestors of several medieval house types such as the Scandinavian "langhus", the English, Welsh and Scottish longhouse variants and the German and Dutch "Fachhallenhaus".

The medieval longhouse types of Europe of which some examples have survived are among others:
*The Scandinavian or Viking "Langhus"
*The southwest England variants in Dartmoor and Wales
*The northwest England type in Cumbria
*The Scottish Longhouse, "Black house" or "taighean dubha"
*The Frisian "Langhuis"
*The French "longère" or "maison longue" (with different versions from different origins)

The Americas

In North America two groups of longhouses emerged: the Native American long house of the tribes usually connected with the Iroquois in the northeast, and an unrelated type used by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. A detailed description of the latter is contained in the slave narrative of John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who spent three years as a captive of the Nootka people in 1802-1805.

In South America the Tucano people of Colombia and northwest Brazil traditionally combine a household in a single long house.

Asia

Ancient Mumun pottery period culture

In Daepyeong, an archaeological site of the Mumun pottery period in Korea long houses have been found that date to circa 1100-850 B.C. Their layout seems to be similar to those of the Iroquois of America. As in these several fireplaces were arranged along the longitudinal axis of the building. Later the ancient Koreans started raising their buildings on stilts, so that the inner partitions and arrangements are somewhat obscure. The size of the buildings though and their placement within the settlements may point to buildings for the nobles of their society or some sort of community or religious buildings. In Igeum-dong, an excavation site in South Korea, the large longhouses, 29 and 26 meters long, are situated between the megalithic cemetery and the rest of the settlement.

Taiwan

The long house may be an old building tradition among the people of Austronesian origin or intensive contact.Fact|date=December 2007 The Austronesian language group seems to have spread to south east Asia and the Pacific islands as well as Madagascar from the island of Taiwan. Groups like the Siraya of ancient Taiwan built long houses and practiced head hunting as did for example the later Dayaks of Borneo.

Borneo longhouse

Many of the inhabitants of the Southeast Asian island of Borneo (now Kalimantan, Indonesia and States of Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia), the Dayak, live traditionally in buildings known as a longhouse, "Rumah panjang" in Malay, "rumah panjai" in Iban. Common to most of these is that they are built raised off the ground on stilts and are divided into a more or less public area along one side and a row of private living quarters lined along the other side. This seems to have been the way of building best accustomed to life in the jungle in the past, as otherwise hardly related people have come to build their dwellings in similar ways. One may observe similarities to South American jungle villages also living in large single structures. The design is elegant: being raised, flooding presents little inconvenience. The entry could double as a canoe dock. Being raised, cooling air could circulate as well as have the living area above ground where any breeze is more likely. Livestock could shelter below at night when their security might be a concern.

In modern times many of the older longhouses have been replaced with buildings using more modern materials but of similar design. In areas where flooding is not a problem, beneath the longhouse between the stilts, which was traditionally used for a work place for tasks such as threshing, has been converted into living accommodation or has been closed in to provide more security.also in modern times long houses in Asia were made of grass and tree bark

The layout of a traditional longhouse could be described thus:

Along the whole length of the building runs a wall placed near the middle. The one side would seem like a corridor or hall from one end to the other, while the other side is blocked from public view by the wall.

Behind this wall lay the private units, "bilik", each with a single door for each family. These are usually divided from each other by walls of their own and contain the living and sleeping spaces. The kitchens, "dapor", sometimes reside within this space but are quite often situated in rooms of their own, added to the back of a "bilik" or even in a building standing a little away from the longhouse and accessed by a small bridge due to the fear of fire, as well as reducing smoke and insects attracted to cooking from gathering in living quarters..

The corridor itself is divided into three parts. The space in front of the door, the "tempuan", belongs to each bilik unit and is used privately. This is where rice can be pounded or other domestic work can be done. A public corridor, a "ruai", basically used like a village road, runs the whole length in the middle of the open hall. Along the outer wall is the space where guests can sleep, the "pantai". On this side a large veranda, a "tanju", is built in front of the building where the rice ("padi") is dried and other outdoor activities can take place. Under the roof is a sort of attic, the "sadau", that runs along the middle of the house under the peak of the roof. Here the "padi", other food, and other things can be stored. Sometimes the "sadau" has a sort of gallery from which the life in the "ruai" can be observed. The pigs and chicken live underneath the house between the stilts.

The houses built by the different tribes and ethnic groups can differ from each other. Houses described as above may be used by the Iban Sea Dayak and Melanau Sea Dayak. Similar houses are built by the Bidayuh, Land Dayak, however with wider verandas and extra buildings for the unmarried adults and visitors. The buildings of the Kayan, Kenyah, Murut, and Kelabit used to have fewer walls between individual "bilik" units. The Punan seem to be the last ethnic group that adopted this type of house building. The Rungus of Sabah in north Borneo build a type of longhouse with rather short stilts, the house raised three to five feet of the ground, and walls sloped outwards.

A lot of place names in Sarawak still have the word "Long" in their name and most of these still are or once were longhouses. Some villages like Long Semado in Sarawak even have airfields of their own. Regions with long houses are for example Ulu Anyut and Ulu Paku in Sarawak. Another long house is the Punan sama.

Siberut

A traditional house type of the Sakuddei people [As described by Schefold, R.,"Speelgoed voor de zielen: Kunst en cultuur van de Mentawai-eilanden." Delft/Zürich: Volkenkundig Museum Nusantara/Museum Rietberg.(1979/80) and others.] , [ [http://www.leidenuniv.nl/fsw/nas/pub_houseIndonesia.htm The Sakuddei House] ] on the island of Siberut, part of the Mentawai Islands some 130 kilometers (81 mi) to the west off the coast of Sumatra ("Sumatera"), Indonesia is also described as a longhouse on stilts. Some five to ten families may live in each, but they are organised differently from those on Borneo inside. From front to back such an "uma" called house regularly consists of an open platform serving as main entrance place followed by a covered gallery. The inside is divided into two rooms, one behind the other. On the back therte is another platform. The whole building is raised on short stilts about half a meter of the ground. The front platform is used for generall activities while the covered gallery is the favorite place for the men where to host guests and the men usually sleep. The following first room is entered by a door and contains a central communal hearth and a place for dancing. There are also places for religious and ritual objects and activities. In the adjoining room the women and their small children as well as unmarried daughters sleep, usually in compartements divided into families. The platform on the back is used by the women for their everyday activities. Visiting women usually enter the house here.

Vietnam

The M'nong and E De of Vietnam also have a tradition of building long houses (Nhà dài) that may be 30 to 40 m long. [ [http://dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn/default.aspx?param=1CD5aWQ9MjUxMDImZ3JvdXBpZD0ma2luZD1leGFjdCZrZXl3b3JkPU5IJWMzJTgwK0QlYzMlODBJ&page=1 Vietnamese description of the Nhà dài of the Ê Đê] ] In contrast to the jungle versions of Borneo these sport shorter stilts and seem to use a veranada in front of a short (gable) side as main entrance.

Nepal

The Tharu people are indigenous people living in the Terai plains on the border of Nepal and India. A smaller number of Tharus live in India, mostly in Champaran District of Bihar and in Nainital District of Uttar Pradesh. [cite web
url=http://www.macalester.edu/~guneratne/Teaching/TharuResources.html
title=The Tharu Page
publisher=
accessdate=2006-12-07 ] The Tharu live in longhouses which may hold up to 150 people. The longhouses are built of mud with lattice walls [cite web
url=http://www.asianart.com/tharu/f02.html
title=Photo of building a wall
publisher=
accessdate=2006-12-06 ] They grow barley, wheat, maize, and rice, as well as raise animals such as chickens, ducks, pigs, and goats. In the big rivers, they use large nets to fish.cite web
url=http://www.k2news.com/lesson12.htm
title=Gurkas, Brahmans, Cchetris, Tharu
publisher=
accessdate=2006-12-06 ]

Because the Tharu lived in isolation in malarial swamps until the recent use of DDT, they developed a style of decorating the walls, rice containers and other objects in their environment. The Tharu women transform outer walls and verandahs of their homes into colorful paintings dedicated to Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity and fertility.

All Around The World

Each longhouse was covered on the sides with ropelike grass and tree bark. Its roof was made of bark and strengthened with animal skins. If the skins and bark were peeled away, a frame of bent young trees would appear.

See also

* Indonesian architecture
* Igloo
* Tipi
* Dualchas Building Design, a Scottish architecture practice involved in reviving the Scottish Highland longhouse form
* wigwam

Notes and references

Bibliography

For the Longhouses in Sarawak on Borneo these books were used as sources among others:
* Morrison, Hedda. [1962] (Fifth impression 1974). "Life in a Longhouse" - Borneo Literature Bureau Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Printed in Hong Kong by Dai Nippon Printing Co.(Int.) Ltd. - with translations to Malay, Iban and Chinese ("Pendiau Dirumah Panjai - Kehidupan Di-Rumah Panjang"). Short introduction text followed by the photo section (ca. 170) with quite detailed descriptions to each photo in the four languages.

* Dickson, M.G. [1962] (Third edition (revised) 1968)."Sarawak and its People" - Borneo Literature Bureau. Printed in Hong Kong by Dai Nippon Printing Co.(Int.) Ltd. Basic school book keeping the language simple and explaining things so children unaware of the world outside of their village can easily understand. Yet, as school books often are, very rich in information. On page 100 is a drawing of a longhouse (cut open) with a detailed description. Some of the photos are from Hedda Morrison - see her book "Life in a Longhouse"

Further reading

* [http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/inside/html/frames.php Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on domestic designs for living] with long sections on Borneo longhouses.
* [http://www.sarawak.gov.my/content/view/96/116/ Population] listing of some of the ethnic groups of Sarawak, Malaysia.
* [http://www.tribalarts.com/feature/borneo/ Borneo (Kalimantan)] Kenyah-Kayan traditional art.
* Robert J. Barrett (file dated 6 May 2004), [http://www.degruyter.com/journals/commed/pdf/1_25.pdf "Space, repetition and collective interlocution: Psychiatric interviews in a Borneo longhouse"] (pdf format). "Communication & Medicine" 1(1) (2004), pp. 25–34.
Dense study of schizophrenia, but includes two pages of "2. Longhouse architecture: Ruai, bilik and sadau", with a plan view and elevation view; and detailed references.
* [http://www.geocities.com/ufloor/penom.html Penom] , a longhouse with sketches of the [http://www.geocities.com/ufloor/longhouse.html longhouse] layout.
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3307 The Pagan Tribes of Borneo by Charles Hose and William McDougall] from 1912. Somewhat pov as can be expected for the time and quite wrong on some ethnic points, still a good source for the architecture of the time and other things like clothing. Seems to center on the Kayan within Sarawak with regards to the difference to other groups. (Gutenberg project complete text)
* [http://www.rom.on.ca Royal Ontario Museum] [http://www.rom.on.ca/schools/longhouse/village1.php longhouse village] View a North American longhouse village, Ontario, Canada.
** Exhibitions & Galleries: World Culture Galleries: [http://www.rom.on.ca/exhibitions/wculture/wccanada.php Gallery of Canada: First Peoples]
** [http://www.rom.on.ca/collections/index.php Collections & Research] Online image collection.
* [http://wickedsunshine.com/Projects/PotlatchLonghouse/PotlatchLonghouse-HistoricalReference.html "The Potlatch Longhouse"] (Haida potlatches and longhouses)