- Operation Ellamy
-
Operation Ellamy Part of 2011 military intervention in Libya 
A Eurofighter Typhoon from the RAFDate 19 March 2011 – 31 October 2011 Location Libya Result Decisive British Victory Belligerents 
United Kingdom
LibyaCommanders and leaders David Cameron
Air Marshal Sir Stuart Peach (CJO)[1]
Air Vice-Marshal Greg Bagwell (Air)[1]
Rear Admiral Ian Corder (Maritime)[1] Muammar Gaddafi †
Strength See Deployed Forces Unknown Casualties and losses 1 airman killed in traffic accident in Italy[3][4] Multiple air force defences severely disabled.[5]
~100 armoured vehicles, tanks, artillery pieces and SAMs up until 12 April.[6]
Unknown, unverified claim by Gaddafi-controlled Libyan state media of 48 civilians killed, 150 wounded as a result of all UN operations[7][dubious ]
40 civilians killed (in Tripoli; Vatican claim)[8]
Coalition forces have not reported any casualties on either side.Operation Ellamy[9] was the codename for the United Kingdom participation in the 2011 military intervention in Libya.[10] The operation was part of an international coalition aimed at enforcing a Libyan no-fly zone in accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 which stipulated that "all necessary measures" shall be taken to protect civilians.[11] UK sorties were under the operational command of the United States initially, though they still title their contributions as under Operation Ellamy.[12] The coalition operation was designated by the U.S. as Operation Odyssey Dawn.[13][14] The Canadian participation is Operation Mobile[15] and the French participation is Opération Harmattan.[16]
The no-fly zone was proposed during the 2011 Libyan civil war to prevent government forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi from carrying out air attacks on Anti-Gaddafi forces. Several countries prepared to take immediate military action at a conference in Paris on 19 March 2011.[17]
The randomly generated codename, "Ellamy," is an alternate spelling of the Early Modern English word, Elami (E-la-mi), a musical solmisation designating the note E in the context of a tetrachord.[18] The spelling "Ellamy" is found in a poem frequently attributed to John Skelton, "The Harmony of Birds".
Contents
Background to operation
The UN Security Council Resolution 1973 passed on the evening of 17 March 2011 gave a mandate to countries wishing to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya militarily. A conference involving international leaders took place in Paris on the afternoon of Saturday 19 March 2011.[19] International military action commenced after the conference finished, with French military fighter jets being the first to participate in the operation only a few hours after the conference finished in Paris with the first shot fired at 1645 GMT against a Libyan tank.[20]
Deployed forces
- Royal Navy[1]
- HMS Sutherland, a Type 23 frigate[21]
- HMS Iron Duke, a Type 23 frigate
- HMS Triumph, a Trafalgar-class submarine[22]
- HMS Turbulent, a Trafalgar-class submarine[23]
- HMS Liverpool, a Type 42 destroyer[24]
- HMS Bangor , Sandown-class minehunter in a maritime surveillance role [23]
- HMS Brocklesby (Hunt-class MCMV)[25]
- HMS Ocean
- 5 x Apache AH1
- 2 x Lynx Mk 7 from Joint Helicopter Command[citation needed]
- 2 x Seaking Mk 4 from Joint Helicopter Command[citation needed]
- 1 x Lynx Mk 8 from 815 Naval Air Squadron[citation needed]
- Royal Air Force
- Joint Force Air Component Headquarters at RAF Akrotiri
- Headquarters 906 Expeditionary Air Wing at Gioia del Colle Air Base[10]
- 10 × Typhoon multirole fighters from RAF Coningsby and RAF Leuchars,[17]
- 16 × Tornado GR4 interdictor/strike aircraft from RAF Marham[1][26]
- Headquarters 907 Expeditionary Air Wing at RAF Akrotiri[10]
- 3 × Sentry AEW.1 AWACS aircraft from RAF Waddington[27]
- 1 x Nimrod R1 signals intelligence aircraft[28][Note 1]
- 1 x Sentinel R1 airborne standoff radar aircraft from RAF Waddington[10]
- 2 × VC10 air-to-air refuelling tankers from RAF Brize Norton[29]
- Force Elements Operated from UK
- Tornado GR4 interdictor/strike aircraft from RAF Marham[1]
- TriStar K1 & KC1 air-to-air refuelling tankers from RAF Brize Norton[10]
- British Army
- 4 x Apache AH1 (on board HMS Ocean).
- 7 Signal Regiment Detachment[citation needed].
- 22 Signal Regiment Detachments[citation needed].
- Elements of United Kingdom Special Forces[30][31][32]
Summary of operation
- Day 1 – 19 March 2011
On the afternoon of 19 March, the Royal Navy Trafalgar-class submarine HMS Triumph[33] fired Tomahawk cruise missiles.[34] A combined total along with US over the day was reported by the US to be over 110 missiles.[35] The Royal Navy also has a Type 22 frigate (HMS Cumberland) and a Type 23 frigate (HMS Westminster) engaged in a naval blockade.
David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, confirmed that British aircraft were in action over Libya on the 19th,[36] although it was the French Air Force who made the first coalition aerial presence over Libya earlier the same day.
Sentry, Sentinel and VC-10 aircraft were said to be carrying out operations from RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus.[1] The home base for the VC-10 aircraft was RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire and for the Sentinel and Sentry aircraft was RAF Waddington in Lincolnshire.
On the night of 19–20 March 2011, Storm Shadow missiles were launched by Tornado GR4 aircraft.[37] Tornados of No. 9 Squadron from RAF Marham had sortied on a 3,000 mi (4,800 km) mission to fire Storm Shadow missiles against targets in Libya. They required refuelling by British tanker aircraft three times on the outward journey and once on the return. 101 Sqn VC10 and 216 Sqn Tristar aircraft were involved.[38]
- Day 2 – 20 March 2011
The MoD announced that Tornado and Typhoon aircraft would be deployed to the Italian Gioia del Colle Air Base.[1]
The Trafalgar-class submarine HMS Triumph launched further Tomahawk cruise missiles at targets in Libya.[1]
Tornados GR4s, flying from Marham, were on route to Libya but did not fire their missiles due to Spain refusing overflight clearance so the aircraft were forced to return home as they were unable to reach their target.[39]
- Day 3 – 21 March 2011
The Prime Minister announced to the House of Commons on 21 March at the start of the debate on the UNSC resolution that RAF Typhoons had been deployed to an Italian airbase (Gioia del Colle) and would fly in support of the NFZ.[40] Three Typhoons successfully conducted a mission and returned to Gioia del Colle.[41]
Headquarters 906 Expeditionary Air Wing formed at Gioia del Colle Air Base responsible for assets forward deployed there. Headquarters 907 Expeditionary Air Wing formed at RAF Akrotiri responsible for assets forward deployed there. C-17A Globemaster and Hercules transport aircraft were also used to assist in the build up of deployed forces.[10]
- Day 4 – 22 March 2011
RAF Typhoons flew their first ever combat mission,[42] patrolling the no-fly zone while Tornado GR4s from RAF Marham flew an armed reconnaissance sortie. The MoD reported that Royal Navy ships Triumph, Westminister and Cumberland remained in theatre for additional strikes and patrol.[43]
- Day 5 – 23 March 2011
Tornado GR4s were forwarded deployed to Gioia del Colle Air Base.[5] In a media interview, the UK Air Component Commander, Air Vice-Marshal Greg Bagwell, stated that the Libyan Air Force "no longer exists as a fighting force" and that "we have the Libyan ground forces under constant observation and we attack them whenever they threaten civilians or attack population centres."[44]
- Day 6 – 24 March 2011
Tomahawk Cruise Missiles were again fired at targets from HMS Triumph[45] RAF Tornado aircraft on an armed reconnaissance mission launched Brimstone missiles against Libyan armoured vehicles that were reported to be threatening the civilian population of Adjdabiya. Four T-72 tanks were destroyed in the attack by Tornados, and three by another coalition aircraft. Likely target locations had previously been identified by other Tornado aircraft equipped with RAPTOR pods.[26]
- Day 7 – 25 March 2011
RAF Tornado aircraft launched more Brimstone missile strikes, destroying three armoured vehicles in Misrata and two further armoured vehicles in Ajdabiya.[46]
- Day 9 – 27 March 2011
Over the weekend, Tornados from Gioia del Colle launched numerous armed reconnaissance missions, during the course of which ordnance released hit a total of 22 tanks, armoured vehicles and artillery pieces in the vicinity of Ajdabiya and Misrata.[47]
- Day 10 – 28 March 2011
Tornados from RAF Marham, supported by Tristar tankers from RAF Brize Norton, launched Storm Shadow strikes against ammunition bunkers in the Sabha area in the southern Libyan desert. The bunkers were reportedly used to resupply Libyan Government troops attacking civilians in the north of the country.[47]
- Day 11 – 29 March 2011
The London Conference on Libya was chaired by the Foreign Secretary, William Hague.
Two Tornados flying from Gioia del Colle engaged near Misrata a Libyan armoured fighting vehicle and two artillery pieces with Brimstone missiles.[48]
- Day 12 – 30 March 2011
Tornados flying from Gioia del Colle engaged near Misrata three Libyan tanks, two armoured fighting vehicles and a surface-to-air missile site with Brimstone missiles and Paveway IV bombs.[49] HMS Liverpool was deployed to relieve HMS Cumberland.[24]
- Day 13 – 31 March 2011
From 06:00 GMT, NATO took sole command of air operations over Libya under Operation Unified Protector, taking over from U.S. Africa Command.[50][51][52]
- Day 15 – 2 April 2011
HMS Triumph returned to base HMNB Devonport flying the Jolly Roger marked for six successful Tomahawk launches.[53]
RAF Tornado aircraft launched Paveway IV bombs against pro-Gaddafi forces. Two main battle tanks in Sirte and several small ground-attack aircraft on an airfield near Misrata were reportedly hit.[54]
- Day 16 – 3 April 2011
RAF Tornados reportedly launched successful attacks with Paveway IV and Brimstone missiles on ten armoured fighting vehicles south of Sirte.[54]
- Day 17 – 4 April 2011
The number of Tornado aircraft taking part in Operation Ellamy was increased from eight to twelve on 4 April, with the aircraft deployed from RAF Marham.[55] RAF Tornados, engaged in two separate strikes in the Libyan city of Sirte, launched three Brimstone missiles which destroyed one main battle tank and two surface-to-air missile launchers.[54]
- Day 22 – 9 April 2011
Seven tanks were destroyed by Tornado aircraft, two in Ajdabiya and five in Misrata, using Paveway IV bombs and Brimstone missiles.[56]
- Day 23 – 10 April 2011
The MoD reported that over the weekend of 22–23 April, of 61 armoured vehicles and air defence assets destroyed by NATO, 21 were destroyed by RAF aircraft.[6]
- Day 25 – 12 April 2011
HMS Turbulent was declared available in theatre by the MoD for Tomahawk strikes should they be required.[6]
RAF Typhoon aircraft were used operationally in a ground attack role for the first time. A Typhoon destroyed 2 main battle tanks near Misrata with Paveway II whilst a Tornado destroyed the third with Paveway IV. In total, RAF aircraft destroyed eight main battle tanks on 12 April. Since the start of Operation ELLAMY up until 12 April, RAF aircraft had engaged over 100 main battle tanks, artillery pieces, armoured vehicles and SAMs.[6]
- Day 31–18 April 2011
RAF Tornados and Typhoons attacked a pair of multiple rocket launcher vehicles and a light artillery piece reportedly firing on Misrata, as well as a self-propelled gun and tank.[57]
HMS Triumph was reported by the MoD to have launched two salvoes of Tomahawk missiles against command and control facilities alongside precision strikes by RAF Tornados, Typhoons and coalition aircraft.[57] The MoD's previous report that HMS Triumph had returned to Devonport suggests the submarine involved was probably HMS Turbulent.[6][dubious ]
- Day 32–19 April 2011
The Foreign Secretary announced that a British Military Liaison Advisory Team was to be sent to Benghazi to advise the NTC on how to improve their military organisational structures, communications and logistics.[58]
- Day 48 – 5 May 2011
HMS Brocklesby destroyed a buoyant mine containing over 100 kg of high explosive. Using her sonar and underwater mine disposal system, Seafox, the mine was destroyed one mile from the entrance to Misrata harbour.[59]
- Day 49 – 6 May 2011
Tornados attacked a site south of Sirte based on analysis of intelligence by RAF Tactical Imagery Wing. 20 FROG-7 launchers and a significant number of Scud canisters were reported as either completely or partially destroyed. RAF aircraft also destroyed one tank and two armoured vehicles in the area of Misrata and one mobile rocket launcher south of Tripoli.[60]
- Day 55 – 12 May 2011
An RAF Typhoon was reported to have destroyed two Palmaria 155mm howitzers near Sirte.[61]
- Day 59 – 16 May 2011
Royal Navy Tomahawk missiles reportedly fired from HMS Triumph, and Paveway IV bombs released by RAF Tornado aircraft were reported to have struck intelligence agency buildings and a training base used by Colonel Gaddafi's Executive Protection Force. RN and RAF attacks were reported to have damaged or destroyed over 300 targets since the start of Operation Ellamy.[61]
- Day 62 – 19 May 2011
Tornado GR4s attacked two corvettes in Al Khums naval base and destroyed a facility in the dockyard constructing fast inflatable boats which Libyan forces had reportedly used to mine Misrata and attack vessels in the area.[62]
- Day 63 – 20 May 2011
RAF aircraft destroyed five multiple rockets launchers around Tripoli.[63]
- Day 67 – 24 May 2011
RAF aircraft attacked four armoured vehicles deployed near the Libyan city of Zlitan. A Tornado attacked a Libyan coastal radar station near Brega, which was destroyed with a dual-mode seeker Brimstone missile.[63]
- Day 68 – 25 May 2011
A vehicle depot at Tiji was attacked by a Typhoon FGR4 and a Tornado GR4 dropping four Enhanced Paveway II and five Paveway IV weapons between them.[63]
- Day 70 – 27 May 2011
HMS Ocean (detached from the Response Force Task Group COUGAR 11 deployment) deployed with a complement of 4 Apache helicopters to aid operations.[64][65]
- Day 77 – 3 June 2011
The Response Force Task Group withdrew from COUGAR 11 and was deployed (an RFTG ship, HMS Ocean, and her embarked Apache attack helicopters had been deployed days earlier) to supplement UK forces in Operation Ellamy.[66]
- Day 145 – 10 August 2011
RAF Tornados launched direct from RAF Marham in Norfolk to target command and control and air defence targets with Stormshadow cruise missiles. [67]
- Day 151 – 16 August 2011
Since the start of military operations on 19 March, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, and Army Air Corps precision strikes were reported to have damaged or destroyed some 870 former regime targets.[68]
Notes
- ^ From Jane's Defence Weekly, 16 March 2011, operational requirements forced the Royal Air Force to deploy one of its two remaining Nimrod R1s two weeks before they were due to be withdrawn.
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External links
2011 Libyan civil war Part of the Arab Spring · Timeline (15 February–18 March · 19 March–31 May · June–15 August · 16 August–23 October)Forces Anti-Gaddafi forces (National Liberation Army – Free Libyan Air Force – NCLO) • Military of Libya (Libyan Army – Libyan Air Force – Libyan Navy) • Revolutionary Guard CorpsBattles CyrenaicaFirst Battle of Benghazi • First Battle of Brega • Battle of Ra's Lanuf • Battle of Bin Jawad • Second Battle of Brega • Battle of Ajdabiya • Second Battle of Benghazi • First Gulf of Sidra offensive • Third Battle of Brega • Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road • Cyrenaica campaign • Fourth Battle of Brega • Ra's Lanuf raidFezzanSabha clashes • Fezzan campaign • Battle of Sabha • Ghadames raidTripolitaniaFirst Tripoli clashes • Battle of Misrata • First Battle of Zawiya • Nafusa Mountain Campaign (Battle of Wazzin • Battle of Gharyan) • Battle of the Misrata frontline (Zliten uprising • Battle of Zliten • Battle of Taworgha) • Zawiya raid • Msallata clashes • Rebel coastal offensive (Second Battle of Zawiya) • Ras Ajdir clashes • Battle of Tripoli • Second Gulf of Sidra offensive (Battle of Sirte) • Battle of Bani Walid • Second Tripoli clashes
NATO operations Operation Ellamy • Opération Harmattan • Operation Mobile • Operation Odyssey Dawn • Operation Unified ProtectorPeople Anti-GaddafiMustafa Abdul Jalil • Mahmoud Jibril • Abdul Fatah Younis • Abdul Hafiz Ghoga • Suleiman Mahmoud • Omar El-Hariri • Jalal al-Digheily • Khalifa Belqasim Haftar • Ali Tarhouni • Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi • Fathi Terbil • Abdelhakim Belhadj • Abu Oweis • Mahdi al-HaratiPro-GaddafiNATOOthersMohammed Nabbous • Iman al-Obeidi • Prince Mohammed El Senussi • Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi • Hussein Sadiq al MusratiPlaces, buildings
and structuresAbu Salim prison • Bab al-Azizia • Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture • Giuliana Bridge • Green Square/Martyrs' Square • Maydan al Shajara • Mitiga International Airport • People's Hall, Tripoli • Rixos Al NasrImpact Casualties • Domestic responses (Gaddafi's response to the protests – Gaddafi's response to the civil war) • Human rights violations (Rape allegations) • Humanitarian situation (Refugees) • International reactions (International reactions to military intervention – Protests against military intervention – U.S. reactions to military intervention – International reactions to Gaddafi's death)Other Democratic Party (Libya) • Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign • Media • National Transitional Council • Topple the Tyrants • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 • United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 • United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009 • United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016 • Voice of Free Libya • Zenga ZengaItalics denote operations or battles related to the military intervention in Libya
Category · 
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Wikinews · 
WikiquotesCategories:- Foreign intervention in the 2011 Libyan civil war
- International security
- No-fly zone operations
- 2011 in the United Kingdom
- Military operations involving the United Kingdom
- Royal Navy[1]
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