Olga Ivinskaya

Olga Ivinskaya

Olga Vsevolodovna Ivinskaya (Russian: Ольга Всеволодовна Ивинская) (June 16, 1912, Tambov – September 8, 1995, Moscow) was the mistress of Boris Pasternak (a Nobel Prize-winning Russian and Soviet poet) and the inspiration for the character of Lara in Pasternak's novel, Dr. Zhivago.^[1]

Early life

Ivinskaya, partly of German-Polish descent, was born in Tambov to a provincial high school teacher. In 1915, the family moved to Moscow. After graduating from the Editorial Workers Institute in Moscow in 1936, she worked as an editor at various literary magazines. She was an admirer of Pasternak since her adolescence, attending literary gatherings to listen to his poetry. She married twice: the first time to Ivan Yemelianov in 1936, who hanged himself in 1939, having one daughter, Lyudmila Yemelianova; the second time in 1941 to Alexander Vinogradov (later killed in the war), producing one son, Dmitry Vinogradov.^[2]

Relationship with Pasternak

She met Boris Pasternak in October 1946, in the editorial office of Novy Mir, where she was in charge of the new authors department.^[2] She was romantically involved with him until his death, although he refused to leave his wife.^[3] Early in 1948, he asked her to leave Novy Mir, as her position there was getting more difficult because of their relationship. She took up a role as his secretary instead.^[2]

Ivinskaya also collaborated closely with Pasternak on translating poetry from foreign languages into Russian. While she was translating the Bengali language poet Rabindranath Tagore, Pasternak advised her,

"1) Bring out the theme of the poem, its subject matter, as clearly as possible; 2) tighten up the fluid, non-European form by rhyming internally, not at the end of the lines; 3) use loose, irregular meters, mostly ternary ones. You may allow yourself to use assonances."^[4]

Later, while collaborating with him on a translation of the Czech language poet Vítězslav Nezval, Pasternak told Ivinskaya,

"Use the literal translation only for the meaning, but do not borrow words as they stand from it: they are absurd and not always comprehensible. Don't translate everything, only what you can manage, and by this means try to make the translation more precise than the original -- an absolute necessity in the case of such a confused, slipshod piece of work."^[5]

Pasternak acknowledged Ivinskaya as the inspiration for Dr. Zhivago's heroine Lara.^[3] In July 1950, she was arrested as "an accomplice to the spy" and sentenced to five years in the GULAG.^[2]

That was seen as an attempt to press Pasternak to give up writings critical of the Soviet system.^[1] Pasternak, however, had his own opinion about the reasons for Ivinskaya's arrest. In a 1958 letter to a friend in West Germany, he wrote, "She was put in jail on my account, as the person considered by the secret police to be closest to me, and they hoped that by means of a grueling interrogation and threats they could extract enough evidence from her to put me on trial. I owe my life and the fact that they did not touch me in those years to her heroism and endurance."^[6]

At that time of her arrest, Ivinskaya was pregnant by Pasternak and miscarried. She was released in 1953 after Stalin's death.^[1] The book was published in Italy in 1957 by Feltrinelli, with Ivinskaya conducting all negotiations on Pasternak's behalf.^[2]

Final years

After Pasternak's death in 1960, Ivinskaya was arrested for the second time, with her daughter. She was accused of being Pasternak's link with Western publishers in dealing in hard currency for Doctor Zhivago. The Soviet government quietly released them, Lyudmila after one year, in 1962, and Olga in 1964.^[2] She served four years of an eight-year sentence, apparently to punish her for the relationship.^[1] In 1978, her memoirs were published in Paris in Russian and were translated in English under the title A Captive of Time. Olga Ivinskaya was rehabilitated only under Gorbachev in 1988. All of Pasternak's letters to her and other manuscripts and documents had been seized by the KGB during her last arrest. She spent several years in litigation trying to regain them. However, those were blocked by his daughter-in-law, Natalya. The Russian Supreme Court ended up ruling against her on the ground that "there was no proof of ownership" and "papers should remain in the state archive".^[2] She died in 1995 from cancer.^[1] A reporter on NTV compared Mrs. Ivinskaya's role to that of other famous muses for Russian writers: "As Pushkin would not be complete without Anna Kern, and Yesenin would be nothing without Isadora, so Pasternak would not be Pasternak without Olga Ivinskaya, who was his inspiration for 'Doctor Zhivago.' ".^[1]

Bibliography

• A Captive of Time: My Years with Pasternak ISBN 0002628473

References

Russia portal

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Olga Ivinskaya, 83, Pasternak Muse for 'Zhivago'". New York Times. September 13, 1995. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/13/obituaries/olga-ivinskaya-83-pasternak-muse-for-zhivago.html. Retrieved October 27, 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "OBITUARY: Olga Ivinskaya". The Independent. 13 September 1995. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-olga-ivinskaya-1600834.html. Retrieved October 27, 2010. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Olga Ivinskaya; Inspiration for 'Dr. Zhivago's' Lara". LA Times. September 16, 1995. http://articles.latimes.com/1995-09-16/news/mn-46413_1_olga-ivinskaya. Retrieved October 27, 2010. 
4. ^ Olga Ivinskaya, A Captive of Time, pages 28-29.
5. ^ A Captive of Time, page 29.
6. ^ A Captive of Time, page 109.

Persondata
Name	Ivinskaya, Olga
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Date of birth	June 16, 1912
Place of birth
Date of death	September 8, 1995
Place of death