Wilson's Storm Petrel

Wilson's Storm Petrel
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Hydrobatidae
Subfamily:	Oceanitinae
Genus:	Oceanites
Species:	O. oceanicus
Binomial name
Oceanites oceanicus Kuhl, 1820
Distribution range (blue)

Wilson's Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), also known as Wilson's Petrel, is a small seabird of the storm-petrel family. It is one of the most abundant bird species in the world and has a circumpolar distribution mainly in the seas of the southern hemisphere but extending northwards during the summer of the northern hemisphere. The world population has been estimated to be more than 50 million pairs.^[2] The name commemorates the Scottish-American ornithologist Alexander Wilson.

Description

The yellow webbing to the feet is distinctive

Wilson's Storm Petrel is a small bird, 16–18.5 cm (6.3–7.3 in) in length with a 38–42 cm (15–16.5 in) wingspan. It is slightly larger than the European Storm Petrel and is essentially dark brown in all plumages, except for white rump and flanks. The feet jut beyond the square ended tail in flight. The European Storm Petrel has a very distinct whitish lining to the underwing and the band along the upper secondary coverts is more distinct than in Wilson's.^[3] The webbing between the toes is yellow with black spots in pre-breeding age individuals.^[4]

Taxonomy

Showing the pale band on the upper wing secondary coverts

Originally described in the genus Procellaria it has been placed under the genus Oceanites. Two or three subspecies are recognized and one population maorianus from New Zealand may be extinct. The nominate population breeds from Cape Horn to the Kerguelen Islands while exasperatus breeds along the Antarctic coast in the South Shetland and other islands. The population from Tierra del Fuego was described as chilensis (=wollastoni, magellanicus) but this is considered a nomen nudum although some authors have reinstated it and note that they have some white mottling on the belly.^[5][6]

The name Mother Carey's Chicken was used in early literature and often applied to several petrel species while the generic name of stormy petrel referred to the idea that their appearance foretold stormy weather. Some authors called it the Yellow-webbed Storm-petrel.^[7]

Distribution

This species breeds on the Antarctic coastlines and nearby islands such as the South Shetland Islands during the summer of the southern hemisphere. It spends the rest of the year at sea, and moves into the northern oceans in the southern hemisphere's winter. It is much more common in the north Atlantic than the Pacific. Wilson's Storm Petrel is common off eastern North America in the northern summer and the seasonal abundance of this bird in suitable European waters has been revealed through pelagic boat trips, most notably in the area of the Isles of Scilly, Great Britain.

It is strictly pelagic outside the breeding season, and this, together with its remote breeding sites, makes Wilson's Petrel a difficult bird to see from land. Only in severe storms might this species be pushed into headlands.

Behaviour and ecology

Wilson's Storm Petrel has a more direct gliding flight than other small petrels, and like most others it flies low over the seas surface and has the habit of pattering on the water surface as it picks planktonic food items from the ocean surface. Their unique fluttering and hovering flight is achieved often with their wings held high. Even in calm weather, they can make use of the slight breeze produced by the waves and in effect soar while using their feet to stabilize themselves.^[8] Like European Storm Petrel, it is highly gregarious, and will also follow ships. A soft peeping noise is often heard while the birds are feeding. They feed predominantly on planktonic invertebrates close to the surface, rarely plunging below the surface to capture prey. They may however sometimes take 3–8 cm long fish in the family Myctophidae.^[9]

At 40 g on average, it is the smallest warm-blooded animal that breeds in the Antarctic region.^[10] It nests in colonies close to the sea in rock crevices or small burrows in soft earth and lays a single white egg. Like most petrels, its walking ability is limited to a short shuffle to the burrow. In the Antarctic, nests may sometimes get snowed over leading to destruction of the nest or chicks. This storm-petrel is strictly nocturnal at the breeding sites to avoid predation by gulls and skuas, and will even avoid coming to land on clear moonlit nights. Both parents tend the nest and feed the single chick.^[11] The chicks call and beg for food, more vigorously when hungry.^[12] Chicks remain at nest for about 60 days and are fed on krill, fish and amphipods.^[13] Adults have the ability to identify their nest burrows^[14] in the dark and their mates by olfactory cues.^[15]

Widespread throughout its large range, Wilson's Storm Petrel is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

1. ^ BirdLife International (2009). "Oceanites oceanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144912. Retrieved 12 May 2006. 
2. ^ Newton, Ian (1998). Population limitation in birds. Academic Press. p. 3. 
3. ^ Robert L. Flood and Bryan Thomas (2007). "Identification of ‘black-and-white’ storm-petrels of the North Atlantic". British Birds 100 (7): 407–442. http://scillypelagics.com/BBstormpetrels.pdf. 
4. ^ Quillfeldt, Petra; Tim Schmoll and Hans-Ulrich Peter (2000). "The use of foot web coloration for the estimation of prebreeder numbers in Wilson's storm-petrels, Oceanites oceanicus". Polar Biology 23 (11): 802–804. doi:10.1007/s003000000167. 
5. ^ Dowdall, J., Enright, S., Fahy, K., Gilligan, J., Lillie, G. & M. O'Keeffe (2009). "Unidentified storm petrels off Puerto Montt, Chile, in February 2009". Dutch Birding 31 (4): 218–222. http://scillypelagics.com/Oceanites_Puerto_Montt_Chile.html. 
6. ^ Mayr E & G W Cottrell, ed (1979). Check-list of birds of the World. volume 1 (2 ed.). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge Massachusetts. pp. 103–104. http://www.archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds12pete#page/103/mode/1up. 
7. ^ Littler, FM (1910). A Handbook of the Birds of Tasmania and its dependencies. Self published. pp. 157–159. http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookofbirdso00littiala#page/157/mode/1up/. 
8. ^ Withers, PC (1979). "Aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of the 'hovering' flight of Wilson's Storm Petrel". J. Exp. Biol. 80: 83–91. http://www.avibirds.com/pdf/W/Wilson%20stormvogeltje5.pdf. 
9. ^ Croxall, J.P. & North, A.W. (1988). "Fish prey of Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia (Antarctica)". British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 78: 37–42. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin78_03.pdf. 
10. ^ Obst, BS; Kenneth A. Nagy and Robert E. Ricklefs (1987). "Energy Utilization by Wilson's Storm Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)". Physiological Zoology 60 (2): 200–210. 
11. ^ Gladbach, A; C Braun; A Nordt; H-U Peter & P Quillfeldt (2009). "Chick provisioning and nest attendance of male and female Wilson's storm petrels Oceanites oceanicus". Polar Biology 32 (9): 1315–1321. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0628-z. http://orn.mpg.de/nwg/quillfeldt/Gladbach.pdf. 
12. ^ Quillfeldt P (2002). "Begging in the absence of sibling competition in Wilson's storm-petrels, Oceanites oceanicus". Animal Behaviour 64 (4): 579–587. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3090. 
13. ^ Quillfeldt, P; Tim Schmoll; Hans-Ulrich Peter; Jörg Thomas Epplen & Thomas Lubjuhn (2001). "Genetic Monogamy in Wilson's Storm Petrel". The Auk 118 (1): 242–248. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0242:GMIWSS]2.0.CO;2. 
14. ^ Bonadonna, Francesco; Vincent Bretagnolle (2002). "Smelling home: a good solution for burrow-finding in nocturnal petrels?". Journal of Experimental Biology 205 (16): 2519–2523. PMID 12124375. http://jeb.biologists.org/content/205/16/2519.abstract. 
15. ^ Jouventin, P; Vincent Mouret; Francesco Bonadonna (2007). "Wilson's Storm Petrels Oceanites oceanicus Recognise the Olfactory Signature of Their Mate". Ethology 113 (12): 1228–1232. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01444.x. 

Other sources

• Harrison, Peter (1996). Seabirds of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01551-1. 
• Bull, John; Farrand, Jr., John (April 1984). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-41405-5. 
• Beck, J.R & Brown, D.W. 1972. The Biology of Wilson's Storm Petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl) at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports No. 69.
• Bourne, W.R.P. 1983. Letters (The ‘yellow webs’ of Wilson’s Storm-petrel). British Birds 76(7): 316-317.
• Bourne, W.R.P. 1987. Parallel variation in the markings of Wilson’s and Leach’s Storm-petrels. Sea Swallow 36: 64.
• Bourne, W.R.P. 1988. Letters (John Gould and the storm-petrels). British Birds 81(8): 402-403.
• British Ornithologists’ Union 2008. British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee: 36th Report (November 2007). Ibis 150: 218-220.
• Copestake, P.G. & Croxall, J.P. 1985. Aspects of the breeding biology of Wilson's Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus at Bird Island, South Georgia. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 66: 7-17.
• Croxall, J.P. et al. 1988. Food and feeding ecology of Wilson’s storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia. Journal of Zoology 216: 83-102.
• Curtis, W.F. 1988. An example of melanism in Wilson’s Storm-petrel. Sea Swallow 37: 63.
• Flood, R.L. 2011. Notes (Wilson’s Storm-petrel with white stripes on the underwing). British Birds 104(5): 272-273.
• Gebczynski, A.K. 2003. The food demand in the nest of Wilson’s storm petrel. Polish Polar Research 24(2): 127-131.
• Harrison, P. 1983. Identification of white-rumped North Atlantic petrels. British Birds 76(4): 161-174.
• Orgeira, J.L. 1997. Nidificacion y habitat del Petrel de Wilson (Oceanites oceanicus) en Punta Cierva, Costa de Danco, peninsula Antartica [Nesting habitat of Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus) at Cierva Point, Danco, Antarctic peninsula]. Ornitologia Neotropical 8: 49-56.
• Orgeira, J.L. 1997. Short communications (An infrared device for finding Wilson’s Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus nests). Marine Ornithology 25: 75-76.
• Quillefeldt, P. 2002. Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of breeding and non-breeding Wilson’s storm-petrel on King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Polar Biology 25: 216-221.
• van den Berg, A.B. et al. 1982. Mass movement of Bridled Terns Sterna anaethetus and Wilson’s Petrels Oceanites oceanicus off Colombo, Sri Lanka. Ardea 70: 81-82.
• Wasilewski, A. 1986. Ecological aspects of the breeding cycle in the Petrel de Wilson, Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl), at King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Polish Polar Research 7: 173-216.

External links

• BTO BirdFacts - Wilson's Storm Petrel