Niphidium crassifolium

Niphidium crassifolium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pteridophyta
Class:	Pteridopsida
Order:	Polypodiales
Family:	Polypodiaceae
Genus:	Niphidium
Species:	N. crassifolium
Binomial name
Niphidium crassifolium Lellinger 1972[1]
Synonyms
Anaxetum crassifolium (L.) Schott Dipteris crassifolia (L.) J. Sm. Drynaria crassifolia (L.) J. Sm. Pessopteris crassifolia (L.) Underw. & Maxon Phymatodes crassifolia (L.) PRESL Pleopeltis crassifolia (L.) T. Moore Pleuridium angustum Fée Pleuridium crassifolium (L.) Fée Polypodium coriaceum Raddi Polypodium crassifolium L. Polypodium porrectum Willd.[2]

Niphidium crassifolium commonly known as the graceful fern is a species of fern in the Polypodiaceae family found in Central and South America. It is predominantly an epiphytic, growing on other plants for example in the canopies of trees, but is occasionally grows on rocks or on the ground, particularly at higher altitude.^[1] It has a rhizome from which many fine rootlets covered in dark reddish-brown scales grow.^[3] Together they form a root basket, which when growing on trees, helps to trap leaf litter and dust, forming a nutrient-rich soil which holds water.^[4] Its leaves are simple in shape, 13–85 centimetres (5.1–33 in) long and 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) wide and when dry are covered by a wax-like film. The sori are round and large, occurring in single rows between veins at the far end of the leaf.^[3]

Taxonomy

A close up of the underside of a leaf of N. crassifolium, showing the sori

Niphidium crassifolium was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Polypodium crassifolium. In 1972, David B. Lellinger moved the species into the Niphidium genus.^[1] It can be difficult to distinguish from N. albopunctatissimum but this species has narrower leaves and is mostly found growing on rocks or on the ground and has a different range.^[5]

Distribution

Niphidium crassifolium is found in Central and South America, from Mexico in the North to Ecuador in the South and including Panama, Peru, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana and the West Indies.^[3] It grows at altitudes up to 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level and over a wide range of humidity.^[6] According to Thomas Croat, it is probably the most common fern found on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI).^[3] Niphidium crassifolium is known to grow on Socratea exorrhiza, occurring on 12% of individuals on BCI.^[7] It is also known to grow on Platypodium elegans, Ceiba pentandra, Tabebuia guayacan and Anacardium excelsum.^[8]

Biochemistry

It uses crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), where it stores some carbon dioxide produced by respiration at night and releases this for use in photosynthesis the next day, but the overall contribution of this is small compared to true CAM plants such as cacti. If drought stressed, the contribution of CAM increases from 2.7% of total carbon fixation to 10%.^[9] The production of gametophytes is determined by the light level rather than by a hormone.^[10]

Uses

It can be cultivated, being described as growing well in well drained soil under medium light. It is reported to be able to survive consecutive days of freezing temperatures, down to −7 °C (19 °F).^[5] In Northern Peru the fresh stem is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation of internal organs.^[11]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} David B. Lellinger (Oct. - Dec., 1972). "A Revision of the Fern Genus Niphidium". American Fern Journal 62 (4): 101–120. JSTOR 1546175. 
2. ^ "Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger". The Plant List. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-26602333. Retrieved 2011-02-20. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Thomas B. Croat (1978). Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press. pp. 102–. ISBN 9780804709507. http://books.google.com/books?id=Whc_ahfhFFoC&pg=PA102. Retrieved 20 February 2011. 
4. ^ Egbert Giles Leigh (1999). Tropical forest ecology: a view from Barro Colorado Island. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195096026. http://books.google.com/books?id=LFHwAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 20 February 2011. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Barbara Joe Hoshizaki; Robbin Craig Moran (2001). Fern grower's manual. Timber Press. pp. 398–. ISBN 9780881924954. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wq_-jexfHCcC&pg=PA398. Retrieved 20 February 2011. 
6. ^ Jürgen Nieder (31 August 2001). Epiphytes and canopy fauna of the Otonga rain forest (Ecuador). BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 99–. ISBN 9783831118588. http://books.google.com/books?id=cqRjLPRhi9IC&pg=PA99. Retrieved 20 February 2011. 
7. ^ Zotz, G.; Vollrath, B. (2003). "The epiphyte vegetation of the palm Socratea exorrhiza - correlations with tree size, tree age and bryophyte cover". Journal of Tropical Ecology 19. doi:10.1017/S0266467403003092. Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. http://www.webcitation.org/5wdj91Ycw.  edit
8. ^ Jose Luis Andrade and Park S. Nobel (1997). "Microhabitats and Water Relations of Epiphytic Cacti and Ferns in a Lowland Neotropical Forest". Biotropica 29 (3): 261–270. doi:10.2307/2389141. JSTOR 2389141.  edit
9. ^ Klaus Mehltreter; Lawrence R. Walker; Joanne M. Sharpe (2010). Fern Ecology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 9780521728201. http://books.google.com/books?id=J0L8EdRYmYIC&pg=PA166. Retrieved 20 February 2011. 
10. ^ Valayamghat Raghavan (1989). Developmental biology of fern gametophytes. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–. ISBN 9780521330220. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZSS9Al0HHtwC&pg=PA217. Retrieved 20 February 2011. 
11. ^ "Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants of Northern Peru – can traditional applications provide leads for modern science?". Niscair online periodicals repository. 2009-02-06. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/10330. Retrieved 2011-02-20. 

Further reading

• Miller, J. H. (1968). "Fern gametophytes as experimental material". The Botanical Review 34: 361–440. doi:10.1007/BF02859133.  edit
• Alice F. Tryon (1959). "Ferns of the Incas". American Fern Journal 49 (1): 10–24. doi:10.2307/1545106. JSTOR 1545106.  edit

External links

• "Photographs of Niphidium crassifolium". Plants of Saint Lucia. http://saintlucianplants.com/fernspecies/polypodiaceae/niphcras/niphcras.html. Retrieved February 2011.