New Zealand Fantail

New Zealand Fantail
J. G. Keulemans illustration for Bullers Birds, 1888
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Rhipiduridae
Genus:	Rhipidura
Species:	R. fuliginosa
Binomial name
Rhipidura fuliginosa Sparrman, 1787

The New Zealand Fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa) is a small insectivorous bird. A common fantail found in the South Island of New Zealand, also in the North Island as subspecies Rhipidura fuliginosa placabilis, the Chatham Islands as Rhipidura fuliginosa penita and formerly (now extinct) the Lord Howe Island as Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina. Also known as the Pied Fantail (pied morph only) or by its Maori name, Pīwakawaka or Tīwakawaka). The species is considered by many to be conspecific (the same) as the Grey Fantail of Australia and New Caledonia.^[1], however due to differences in its calls some authorities now treat it as a separate species.^[2]

Description

Fanned tail

This Fantail is mid to dark grey or grey-brown above, yellowish/orange below, with a white throat, white markings over the eye, and (depending on the race) either white-edged or entirely white outer tail feathers. It grows to 16 centimetres in length, of which half is the tail, which, as the name implies, is often displayed fanned out. This reveals that the outer tail feathers that are light and the centre ones are dark. Some subspecies are found in a darker plumage, notably the "Black fantail" morph seen in up to 25% of South Island birds and less than 1% of North Island birds (it is completely absent from the Chatham Islands).^[3]

Behaviour

During waking hours the bird is almost never still. It flits from perch to perch, sometimes on the ground but mostly on the twigs of a tree or any other convenient object, looking out for flying insects. The birds are not shy, and will often flit within a few metres of people, especially in forested areas and suburban gardens. In doing so, it is able to catch any small flying insects that may have been disturbed by human activities such as walking or digging.

The bird's call is an almost metallic "cheek", either as a single sound or (more often) repeated as a chattering.

Breeding

The New Zealand Fantail is a seasonal breeder, nesting from August to March in the North Island, September to January in the South Island and October to January on the Chatham Islands. They usually raise two or more broods per season. The birds form compact, cup-shaped nests, usually in the forks of trees, made from moss, bark and fibre, and often completed with spider's web. Both sexes build the nest. The clutch size is usually three to four cream eggs which are spotted grey and brown. The incubation period is around two weeks, and incubation and feeding duties are shared by both adults. Nest building and incubation of the second brood may occur while the fledged young of the first brood are still being fed. Young males may begin breeding two months after fledging. The nests of the New Zealand Fantail are parasitised by the two species of cuckoo in New Zealand.^[3]

In Mythology

In Maori mythology the piwakawaka is a messenger, bringing death or news of death from the gods to the people.^[4] The bulbous eyes and erratic flying behaviour of the bird is attributed to it being squeezed by Maui for not revealing the whereabouts of Mahuika, the fire god.^[5] Tiwakawaka is also the name of one of the first Maori settlers to New Zealand.^[5]

Gallery

Video includes vocalizations

References

1. ^ Bird Life International, Grey Fantail, Grey Fantail entry on the Birdlife International Database including explanation as to why Grey and New Zealand Fantails are not considered to be separate species.
2. ^ Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (2008). Systematics and taxonomy of Australian Birds. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 195–196. ISBN 9780643065116. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Boles, W.E. (2006). Family Rhipiduridae (Fantails). Pp 200-244 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds (2006) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 11. Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-06-4
4. ^ http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/about-doc/concessions-and-permits/conservation-revealed/fantail-piwakawaka-lowres.pdf
5. ^ ^{a b} http://www.nzbirds.com/birds/fantail1.html

• BirdLife International (2004). Rhipidura fuliginosa. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
• Falla, R.A., Sibson, R.B., & Turbott, E.G., (1970). A field guide to the birds of New Zealand. London: Collins.

External links

• Grey Fantail videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection