Lake Mungo remains

Mungo Man

The Lake Mungo remains consist of two prominent fossils: Lake Mungo 1 (also known as Mungo Lady, LM1, or ANU-618) and Lake Mungo 3 (or Mungo Man, Lake Mungo III, or LM3). Lake Mungo is located in New South Wales, Australia, a World Heritage listed Willandra Lakes Region.^[1][2]

LM1 was discovered in 1969 and is one of the world's oldest known cremations.^[1][3] LM3, discovered in 1974, was an early human inhabitant of the continent of Australia, who is believed to have lived between 68,000–40,000 years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch. The remains are the oldest anatomically modern human remains found in Australia to date, although his exact age is a matter of ongoing dispute.

LM1

LM1 was discovered in 1969 in the Willandra Lakes Region by Jim Bowler with the University of Melbourne.^[4] LM1 has been 14C dated as 26,000 to 20,000 years ago. Preservation of the remain is poor. The bones were unconditionally 'repatriated' to the Indigenous people of Australia in 1992.

Cremation burial

The reconstruction and description were mainly done by Alan Thorne at the Australian National University. The LM1 was an early human inhabitant of the continent of Australia. His remains are one of the oldest anatomically modern human remains found in Australia.

It represents one of the world's oldest known cremations. The finding implies complicated burial ritual in the early human societies.

The pattern of burn marks on the bones of LM1 is thought to imply that after he died, the corpse was burned, then smashed, then burned a second time. One suggested explanation for this behaviour is that the process was perhaps a ritual wherein the descendants try to ensure that the dead did not return to haunt them. (Of course, such suggestions are purely speculation.)

Current status

The bones were unconditionally repatriated to the indigenous tribes of Southeastern Australia (the Paakantji, the Mathi Mathi, and the Ngiyampaa) in 1992. LM1 had become a symbol of the long Aboriginal occupation in Australia, and an important icon for both archaeologists and indigenous Australians. LM1 is now in a locked vault at the Mungo National Park exhibition center. The vault has a double lock and can only be opened if two keys are used. One key is controlled by archaeologists, the other by the local indigenous peoples.

LM3

Discovery

LM3 was discovered by ANU geomorphologist Dr. Jim Bowler on 26 February 1974 when shifting sand dunes exposed his remains.^[5] He was found near Lake Mungo, one of several dry lakes in the southeast part of the continent. The body was sprinkled with red ochre, in the earliest known example of such a sophisticated and artistic burial practice. This aspect of the discovery has been particularly significant to indigenous Australians, since it indicates that certain cultural traditions have existed on the Australian continent for much longer than previously thought.

The skeleton was of a gracile individual, which contrast with the morphology of modern indigenous Australians.^[6] The skeleton had been somewhat poorly preserved, with substantial portions of the skull missing, and most of the bones in the limbs suffering surface damage. The skull and pelvis bones carry many features used to determine sex, and with most of those features unavailable in LM3, determination of sex has been difficult. Nevertheless, significant studies of other diagnostic features since its discovery have reached a relative consensus around the remains being those of a male.^[7][8][9] LM3 was buried lying on its back, with his hands interlocked covering the groin. Based on evidence of osteoarthritis in the lumbar vertebrae, and severe wear on the teeth, it seems likely that LM3 was quite old when he died.^{[citation needed]} New studies show that, using the length of his limb bones, it is possible to estimate LM3's height at an abnormally tall 196 centimetres (77 inches or 6 ft 5 in).^{[citation needed]}

Age

The first estimate of LM3's age was made in 1976, when the team of paleoanthropologists from the Australian National University (ANU) who excavated LM3 published their findings. They estimated that LM3 was between 28,000 and 32,000 years old.^[5] They did not test LM3's remains directly, but rather established an estimate by stratigraphic comparison with LM1, an earlier set of partially-cremated remains also found at Lake Mungo.

In 1987, an electron spin resonance test was conducted on bone fragments from LM3's skeleton, which established an estimate of his age at 31,000 years, plus or minus 7,000 years. In 1999 Thermoluminescence dating work was carried out on quartz from unburnt sediment associated with the LM3 burial site with the selective bleach results indicating a burial older than 24,600 ± 2,400 and younger than 43,300 ± 3,800 ka.^[10] Later Thorne et al. (1999), arrived at a new estimate of 62,000 ± 6,000 years. This estimate was determined by combining data from uranium-thorium dating, electron spin resonance dating and optically stimulated luminescence dating of the remains and the immediately surrounding soil.^[11] However, this estimate was very controversial.^[12][13][14] The lowest level of the LM3 which are as old as 43,000 years demonstrated that LM3 should not be older than the lowest layer. However, the ANU team had dated the strata itself to be between 59,000 and 63,000 years old. The problems with using uranium-thorium dating on tooth enamel was criticized.

In 2003, collaboration of several Australian groups reached a consensus that LM3 is about 40,000 years old.^[15] This age largely corresponds with stratigraphic evidence using 4 different dating methods. The age of 40,000 years is currently the most widely accepted age for the LM3, making LM3 the second oldest modern human fossil east of India. The study also found that LM1 was a similar age to LM3, and not 30,000 years old, as previously thought.^[16]

This made LM1 the oldest cremated human remains yet discovered.

Taking the consensus view of the age of LM3 as about 40,000 years, this means modern humans were living in what is now called Australia, as of that time, about 40,000 years ago. Does this information mesh with the current broader view of human evolution and our spread over the planet?

The current mainstream thinking, the Recent African origin of modern humans model, suggest that all humans alive today descended from a small group, which left Africa at a specific time, currently generally estimated at about 60,000 years ago. This estimate of 60,000 years is arrived at from the recent breakthrough of widespread genetic investigation. In the model, humans then fairly quickly spread over the whole globe, from that starting point or bottleneck (indeed, with Australia being perhaps the furthest, most difficult to reach, area).

This explains the controversy of Thorne and other's older dates for LM3 - the establishment of (fully modern) human settlements in the different continents, could only have happened after (although perhaps remarkably shortly after) the exodus of the original (perhaps remarkably small) group of us who left Africa via the middle-East.

Mitochondrial DNA

In 2001, Mitochondrial DNA from the Lake Mungo 3 (LM3) skeleton was published and compared with several other sequences. It was found to have more than the expected number of sequence differences when compared to modern human DNA (CRS). The DNA of LM3 survives in modern humans as a segment found in Chromosome 11.^[17]

The divergence of the LM3 sequence before the MRCA of contemporary human sequences is indicated by its grouping with the Insert sequence (Fig. 1B), which other reports have suggested diverged before the MRCA of sequences in living humans

Comparison of the Mitochondrial DNA with that of ancient and modern Aborigines has indicated that Mungo Man is not related to Australian Aborigines. The results indicate that Mungo Man is an extinct subspecies that diverged before the most recent common ancestor of contemporary humans. These results, if correct, supports the multiregional origin of modern humans hypothesis.^[17][18] These claims are controversial and have been met with a general lack of acceptance in scientific communities, the sequence is criticized as there has been no independent testing and some of these differences may be due to posthumous modification of the DNA.^{[19][20][21][22]} Authentication tests need to be performed before the results can be accepted but further testing is unlikely as the indigenous custodians are not expected to allow further invasive investigations.^[23]

See also

• Recent African origin of modern humans
• Multiregional origin of modern humans

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Bowler JM, Jones R, Allen H, Thorne AG. (1970). "Pleistocene human remains from Australia: a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo, Western New South Wales.". World Archaeol. 2 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1080/00438243.1970.9979463. PMID 16468208. 
2. ^ Barbetti M, Allen H. (1972). "Prehistoric man at Lake Mungo, Australia, by 32,000 years BP.". Nature 240 (5375): 46–8. doi:10.1038/240046a0. PMID 4570638. 
3. ^ Bowler, J.M. 1971. Pleistocene salinities and climatic change: Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia. In: Mulvaney, D.J. and Golson, J. (eds), Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia. Canberra: Australian National University Press, pp. 47-65.
4. ^ Bowler, J.M. 1970. Late Quaternary environments: a study of lakes and associated sediments in south-eastern Australia. Doctoral thesis, Australian National University, Canberra
5. ^ ^{a b} Bowler, J. M. & Thorne, A. G. (1976). Human remains from Lake Mungo: discovery and excavation of Lake Mungo III. In (R. L. Kirk & A. G. Thorne, Eds) The Origin of the Australians, pp. 127–138. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
6. ^ Thorne, A. G. (1980). The longest link: human evolution in Southeast Asia and the settlement of Australia. In (J. J. Fox, A. G. Garnaut, P. T. McCawley & J. A. C. Maukie, Eds) Indonesia: Australian Perspectives, pp. 35–43. Canberra:Australian National University
7. ^ Durband, Arthur; Daniel R.T. Rayner, Michael Westaway (July 2009). "A new test of the sex of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton". Archaeology in Oceania 44 (2): 77–83. http://oceania.metapress.com/content/40431866327877q0/. Retrieved 19 February 2010. 
8. ^ Thorne A, Curnoe D. (2000). "Sex and significance of Lake Mungo 3: reply to Brown "Australian pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3".". J Hum Evol. 39 (6): 587–600. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0442. PMID 11102270. 
9. ^ Brown P. (2000). "Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3.". J Hum Evol. 38 (5): 743–9. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0400. PMID 10799264. 
10. ^ Oyston, B. (1996). "Thermoluminescence age determinations for the Mungo III human burial, Lake Mungo, southeastern Australia.". Quat. Sci. Rev. 15 (7): 739–749. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(96)00025-X. 
11. ^ Thorne A, Grün R, Mortimer G, Spooner NA, Simpson JJ, McCulloch M, Taylor L, Curnoe D. (1999). "Australia's oldest human remains: age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton.". J Hum Evol. 36 (6): 591–612. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0305. PMID 10330330. 
12. ^ Gillespie R, Roberts RG (2000). "On the reliability of age estimates for human remains at Lake Mungo". J. Of Human Evol. 38 (5): 727–732. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0398. PMID 10799262. 
13. ^ Bowler, JM; Magee, JW (2000). "Redating Australia's oldest human remains: a sceptic's view". Journal of Human Evolution 38 (5): 719–726. doi:10.1006/jhev.1999.0397. PMID 10799261. 
14. ^ GrüN R, Spooner NA, Thorne A, Mortimer G, Simpson JJ, Mcculloch MT, Taylor L, Curnoe D (2000). "Age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton, reply to Bowler & Magee and to Gillespie & Roberts". Journal of Human Evolution 38 (5): 733–741. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0399. PMID 10799263. 
15. ^ Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia.". Nature 421 (6925): 837–40. doi:10.1038/nature01383. PMID 1259451. 
16. ^ Olleya JM, Roberts RG, Yoshida H and Bowler JM (2006). "Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia". Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (19-20): 2469–2474. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Adcock GJ, Dennis ES, Easteal S, Huttley GA, Jarmiin LS, Peacock WJ, Thorne A (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins". PNAS 98 (2): 537–542. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.537. PMC 14622. PMID 11209053. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/2/537.full?sid=8f289c70-86e5-43cf-9d98-2c7b22612d47. 
18. ^ Not Out of Africa Discover (magazine) August 2002
19. ^ Cooper A, Rambaut A, Macaulay V, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Stringer C (June 2001). "Human origins and ancient human DNA". Science 292 (5522): 1655–6. doi:10.1126/science.292.5522.1655. PMID 11388352. 
20. ^ Chamberlain, C; Chamberlain, AT; Riley, MS; Stringer, C; Collins, MJ (2003). "The thermal history of human fossils and the likelihood of successful DNA amplification" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution 45 (3): 203–17. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00106-4. PMID 14580590. http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/c_smithpdf/Smith_et_al_Therma_ageJHE03.pdf. 
21. ^ The spread of people to Australia Australian Museum
22. ^ Forum Abstract, critiques and authors response.
23. ^ Lake Mungo 3 University of New England

Further reading

• "Lake Mungo I". University of New England. http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/Mungo1.html. Retrieved 30 March 2006. 
• Anne-Marie, Cantwell, "Who Knows the Power of His Bones": Reburial Redux, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2000).
• General Anthropology Bulletin of the General Anthropology Division Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–15, (2003)
• "Lake Mungo 3". University of New England. http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/LM3.html. Retrieved 11 September 2005. 
• "New age for Mungo Man, new human history". University of Melbourne. http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_352.html. Retrieved 11 September 2005. 
• "Mungo Mania". The Lab – Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/mungoman/default.htm. Retrieved 11 September 2005. 
• "Mungo Man – the missing link?". Convict Creations. http://www.convictcreations.com/aborigines/prehistory.htm. Retrieved 11 September 2005. 
• Cooper A, Poiner HN (2000). "Ancient DNA: Do It Right or Not at All". Science 289 (5482): 1139. doi:10.1126/science.289.5482.1139b. PMID 10970224. 
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10330330