Linckia multifora

Linckia multifora
L. multifora showing evidence of autotomy.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Asteroidea
Order:	Valvatida
Family:	Ophidiasteridae
Genus:	Linckia
Species:	L. multifora
Binomial name
Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) [1]
Synonyms[1]
Linckia costae Russo, 1894 Linckia leachi Gray, 1840 Linckia typus Gray, 1840 Ophidiaster multiforis Müller & Troschel, 1842

Linckia multifora is a variously colored starfish in the family Ophidiasteridae that is found in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Its common names include the Dalmation Linckia, mottled Linckia, spotted Linckia, multicolor sea star and multi-pore sea star.^[2]

Description

Linckia multifora has a small disk and five long, slim cylindrical arms that taper slightly towards the tips. The colour is variable and includes brown, pink, red, or gray with small red spots. The surface has a rough texture and is covered in granulations.^[2] This starfish can grow to a diameter of 2 to 5 inches (5 to 13 cm).^[3]

Distribution

Linckia multifora is found in the Indian Ocean, including Aldabra, the Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, Mauritius, Mozambique, the Red Sea, the Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa and Tanzania. It is found on the sea floor at depths down to about 130 feet (40 metres) and favors coral reefs.^[4]

Biology

Linckia multifora exhibits autotomy (self amputation) and often sheds one or more arms. In this process, the arms become detached at various positions and each can grow into a new individual. This happens with such frequency that it is considered to be a means of asexual reproduction. Few individuals are found that do not exhibit some evidence of prior autotomy.^[5][6]

In a study on Hawaii, it was found that the detachment of an arm is not caused by a sudden snap. Most fractures take place about 1 inch (2.5 cm) from the disk. A small crack appears on the lower surface which spreads to adjacent parts, then the tube feet on the arm and the body pull the two parts of the animal in opposite directions. The event may take about one hour to complete. The damaged tissues take about 10 days to heal and the animal grows a new arm over the course of several months. The detached arm is known as a "comet" and moves about independently. It takes about 10 months to regenerate a new disk with arms 0.5 inch (1 cm) in length. When arms were severed into several parts in the laboratory, it was found that those over 0.5 inch (1 cm) in length were capable of regenerating including the tips of the arms and central sections with multiple injuries. Occasionally aberrant individuals developed with the wrong number of arms or with limbs in the wrong place.^[7]

Parasitic snails are sometimes found in or on the body of this starfish.^[6] The snail Stylifer linckiae in the family Eulimidae has been shown to be a parasite by its uptake of materials from the seastar.^[8]

Use in aquaria

Linckia multifora is an omnivore but the diet in aquaria mostly consists of the bacterial surface films and sponges which are usually present in established tanks. This species is more tolerant of varying levels of pH, salinity and temperature than other Linckias but needs careful acclimatization at the time of introduction.^[9]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
2. ^ ^{a b} Seeing stars: Linckia multifora The Right Blue. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
3. ^ Charpin, Florent (2010). "Mottled Linckia". Florent's Guide to the Tropical Reefs. http://reefguide.org/linckiaseastar.html. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
4. ^ Linckia multifora Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
5. ^ Rideout, R. S. (1978). "Asexual reproduction as a means of population maintenance in the coral reef asteroid Linckia multifora on Guam". Marine Biology 47 (3): 287-95. doi:10.1007/BF00541006. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Education Department, Waikïkï Aquarium (2009). "MARINE LIFE PROFILE: LINCKIA SEASTAR". University of Hawai‘i-Mänoa. http://www.waquarium.org/_library/images/education/marinelifeprofiles/linckiaseastar0909.pdf. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
7. ^ Edmondson, Charles Howard (1935). "Autotomy and Regeneration in Hawaiian Starfishes". Bernice P. Bishop Museum - Occasional Papers 11 (8): 6-12. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op11-8.pdf. 
8. ^ Tullis, Richard E.; Cheng, Thomas C. (1971). "The uptake of 14C by Stylifer linckiae (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) from its echinoderm host, Linckia multifora". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 40 (1): 109-10. doi:10.1016/0305-0491(71)90066-6. 
9. ^ Dalmation Linckia Starfish Blue Zoo Aquatics. Retrieved 2011-09-24.