Mohnyin Thado

Mohnyin Thado မိုးညှင်းသတိုး
King of Ava
Reign	7 May 1427 – c. February 1440 (12 years)
Predecessor	Kale Kyetaungnyo
Successor	Minyekyawswa
Consort	Shin Mi-Myat Shin Bo-Me Shin Sawbu
Issue
Minyekyawswa Narapati
Full name
Myo Hla
Born	1390 752 ME (Sunday born)
Died	c. February 1440 (aged 59) 801 ME
Religion	Theravada Buddhism

Mohnyin Thado (Burmese: မိုးညှင်းသတိုး, pronounced [móɲ̥ɪ́ɴ θədó]; also Mohnyinthado or Mohnyin Mintaya; 1390–1440) was the eighth king of Ava who reigned from 1427 to 1440. The ethnic Burman saopha (chief) of Mohnyin came to power after overthrowing King Kale Kyetaungnyo and his queen Shin Bo-Me in 1427. His reign marks the plateauing of Ava's power. Left exhausted by the Forty Years' War with Hanthawaddy Pegu (Bago) in the south, and long-running wars against various Shan States in the north, Ava was no longer in a position to expand. Mohnyin Thado spent his 12-year reign keeping restive regions of Ava in one piece. In particular, he had trouble controlling Toungoo which successfully revolted in 1437. He had to tolerate the governors of other regions who treated him as at best a senior. Hanthwaddy aided Toungoo's rebellions in 1427 and in 1437. But the two kingdoms did not resume a full scale war.

In April 1438, Mohnyin Thado renumbered the Burmese calendar by subtracting two years on the advice of a court astrologer. The change did not stick as he died less than two years later.

King Alaungpaya of Konbaung Dynasty claimed descent from Mohnyin Thado.

Early life

Mohnyin Thado was born Myo Hla (also known as Min Nansi) to a minor nobility family that attended King Swasawke's court. He was a 7th generation descendant of King Narapatisithu of Pagan, and a descendant of Kyawswa I of Pinya.^[1] As a youngster, Nansi was given a small region east of Shwebo in fief by King Swasawke. The king also made him an attendant of his sons Minkhaung and Theiddat, who were sent to their respective fiefs away from Ava. The princes lived as wandering minstrels and nat dancers, one of the older attendants playing a drum, another the horn, and so on. They strayed down to Taungdwingyi, and then crossing over to Minbu District and lived at Ngape and Padein.^[2]

Saopha of Mohnyin

When Minkhaung became king in 1401, he brought his young attendants to court. In 1406, the 16-year-old Nansi served under Prince Minyekyawswa in one of the crucial campaigns against the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in the Forty Years' War. He fought his way into Prome (Pyay) with pack-ponies carrying rice. Having provisioned the garrison, he fought his way out through the Hanthawaddy lines. Minkhaung was so pleased with Nansi's wartime performance that in 1410 he made Nansi the Saopha (Chief) of the Shan State of Mohnyin.,^[2][3] and in addition gave the youngster in marriage his queen of five months, Shin Mi-Myat, daughter of Thihapate, Lord of Taungdwin.^[4] At Mohnyin, he gained the title of "Mohnyin Thado" (Lord of Mohnyin) that he would be known thence. Despite his mainly Burman heritage— he had a small amount of Shan blood as he was a descendant of Kyawswa I of Pinya— he successfully ruled Mohnyin, a restive Shan state which had launched numerous raids into Ava territories for decades. (Inter-marriage blur the lines of ethnicity among the ruling elite in Upper Burma and the Shan realm during this period.^[5])

Ascension to the Ava throne

In 1426, two successive kings of Ava (Thihathu and his 9-year-old son Minhlange) were assassinated by the designs of Queen Shin Bo-Me, who put her lover Kale Kyetaungnyo, the Saopha of Kale, on the throne. Mohnyin Thado refused to submit to the usurpers, and came down with his army to Ava in 1427, forcing the usurpers to flee the capital. He became the new king of Ava on 7 May 1427 (1st waxing of Nayon 788 ME).^[6] Kyetaungnyo later died in the jungle.^[7] Queen Bo-Me, a dashing beauty who had already been queen of four kings Tarabya, Minkhaung I, Thihathu and Kale Kyetaungnyo, was brought back and made a junior queen of Mohnyin Thado.^[8] According to the Burmese Chronicles, when Mohnyin Thado enquired about her health after she was brought back from the forest, she replied insultingly "I think I smell a slave." The king had a residence built for her within the walls of the palace. He was 47 when he became king.^[2]

Reign

Mohnyin Thado's reign marks the plateauing the Ava Kingdom, though it was not of his making. After the Forty Years' War (1385–1424) with Hanthawaddy Pegu (Bago) in the south, and long-running wars against various Shan States in the north, Ava by Mohnyin Thado's reign was thoroughly exhausted, and no longer in a position to expand. Unlike his predecessors Swasawke and Minkhaung who launched the wars, Mohnyin Thado spent his 12-year reign keeping restive regions of Ava in one piece. Taungdwingyi, Yamethin, Pinle, and above all Toungoo, under princes of much the same standing as himself went their own way and treated him as best a senior.^[2]

First Toungoo rebellion (1427–1428)

He found it difficult to control the mainly Burman region of Toungoo (Taungoo), over which Ava had only nominal suzerainty. When Sawlu Thinkhaya, the ruler of Toungoo, came to Ava in 1427, he was treated almost as equal by Mohnyin Thado.^[7][8] Mohnyin Thado tried to encircle Toungoo by making his brother the governor of Tharrawaddy, an adjacent region of Toungoo, and staying on good terms with King Binnya Ran I of Hanthawaddy. Nonetheless, Sawlu formed an alliance with Binnya Ran, decided to raise a rebellion and laid siege to Prome. However Binnya Ran simply wanted to keep Ava occupied, and was not eager to restart a war with Ava. He sent envoys to Ava, asking for a princess of Ava as the price of alliance. Mohnyin Thado was so angry that he kept the envoys for three months without audience, and had to be dissuaded from killing them. He finally decided to ally with Hanthawaddy and gave his niece to the Hanthawaddy king. He defeated Sawlu's rebellion in 1428.^[2]

Other regions

Mohnyin Thado did not have much authority over other regions of the kingdom either. The rulers of regions as close to Ava such as Yamethin and Pinle, which controlled the all important Kyaukse granary behaved like sovereigns. Pinle was ruled by Minnge Kyawhtin, son of the famous warrior prince Minyekyawswa. On top of that, Shan raids continued. The Shan state of Hsipaw (Thibaw) attacked Myedu and the northern frontier in Shwebo district, and even for eight months drove him out of his palace, withdrawing only on payment of a large sum.^[2]

Flight of Shin Sawbu (1430)

When he came to power, he took Shin Sawbu, who was a queen of Thihathu of Ava and the elder sister of Binnya Ran I of Hanthawaddy, from the lord of Pagan to whom she had been given after Thihathu was assassinated. As Mohnyin Thado bestowed his affections elsewhere, Shin Sawbu planned to flee Ava. In 1430, she fled Ava with the help of two ethnic Mon monks who were studying in Ava.^[2] At Pegu, her brother Binnya Ran received her with great honors.^[7]

Relics from Ceylon

In 1430, two monks returned from Ceylon with five relics. The king built the monks a huge monastery two miles west of Sagaing, and nearby a pagoda named Yadanazedi, now called Payabyu, to enshrine the relics.^[2]

Second Toungoo rebellion (1437–1442)

With Ava in trouble, Toungoo again rebelled ten years later in 1437, again assisted by Binnya Ran of Hanthawaddy. Ava could not recover Toungoo this time. (Toungoo would remain outside Ava's rule until 1442.)

Alteration of Burmese Calendar (1438)

In April 1438, at the turn of Burmese calendar year 800, Mohnyin Thado on the advice of a court astrologer decided to renumber the calendar by subtracting two years. When the monks cautioned him that kings who alter the calendar die, he said "If I must die, let me die. I will not be put in a song as a king who was afraid to do his duty".^[2] The king died less than two years later in early 1440 (801 ME), and his change of the calendar was discarded. He was succeeded by his son Minyekyawswa of Ava.^[7]

References

1. ^ Sein Myint, Aung Thein Han (1967) (in Burmese). Beyond Ava. Yangon: Gandama Publishing. p. 50. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} GE Harvey (1925). "Shan Migration (Ava)". History of Burma (2000 ed.). Asian Educational Services. pp. 95–100. ISBN 8120613651, 9788120613652. 
3. ^ Sai Kam Mong (2004). The history and development of the Shan scripts. Silkworm Books. p. 62. ISBN 9749575504, 9789749575505. 
4. ^ Tun Aung Chain (2004). Selected Writings of Tun Aung Chain. Myanmar Historical Commission. p. 63. 
5. ^ Jon Fernquest (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382-1454)". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 4 (2): 51. http://web.soas.ac.uk/burma/SBBR4.2/4.2Fernquest.pdf. 
6. ^ Hmannan, vol. 2, p. 61
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. pp. 82–84. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Htin Aung (1967). "Ava against Pegu; Shan against Mon". A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94. 

Mohnyin Thado Ava Kingdom Born: 1390 Died: c. February 1440
Regnal titles
Preceded by Kale Kyetaungnyo	King of Ava 7 May 1427 – February 1440	Succeeded by Minyekyawswa
Royal titles
Preceded by	Saopha of Mohnyin 1410–1427	Succeeded by

Persondata
Name	Thado, Mohnyin
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death	1440
Place of death