Herman Miller (office equipment manufacturer)

Herman Miller, Inc.

Type	Public (NASDAQ: MLHR)
Industry	Furniture
Founded	1923
Headquarters	Zeeland, Michigan, USA
Website	www.hermanmiller.com

Herman Miller, Inc., based in Zeeland, Michigan, is a major American manufacturer of office furniture and equipment, as well as furniture for the home. It is notable as one of the first companies to produce modern furniture and, under the guidance of Design Director George Nelson, is likely the most prolific and influential producer of furniture of the modernist style. Among classic Herman Miller products are the Equa chair, Aeron chair, Noguchi table, Marshmallow sofa, and the Eames Lounge Chair. Herman Miller is credited with the invention of the office cubicle (originally known as the "Action Office II") in 1968 under then-director of research Robert Propst.^[1][2] Herman Miller holds a unique position among furniture manufacturers for having cultivated the talents of a large number of modernist designers, producing a significant number of pieces that are now considered icons of industrial design.

History

A typical distribution depot, in Chippenham, Wiltshire.

Herman Miller was founded in 1905 as the Star Furniture Co. in Zeeland, Michigan.^[2] Initially the company produced high quality furniture, especially bedroom suites, in historic revival styles.^[2] In 1909 Dirk Jan De Pree began working for the company as a clerk, and became its president by 1919, when it was re-named The Michigan Star Furniture Co.^[2] De Pree and his father-in-law, Herman Miller, purchased 51% of the company stock in 1923 and renamed it the Herman Miller Furniture Company. It became Herman Miller, Inc. in 1960.^[2]

Until 1930 the company produced only traditional wood furniture.^[2] With the coming of the Great depression the company was forced to explore new products to survive in a shrinking market.^[2] Reluctantly they hired Gilbert Rohde, a designer who specialized in modernist designs.^[2] Rohde turned the company in a totally new direction. In 1933 Herman Miller debuted a line of modern furniture at the 1933 Century of Progress exposition in Chicago, Illinois.^[2] In 1941 the company opened a showroom in the Chicago Merchandise Mart, and another in New York City in 1941. Under Rohde's supervision Herman Miller entered the contract (office) furniture market in 1942, with the introduction of the "Modular Executive Office" Group (EOG), the first in a long line of office furnishings to be produced by the company.^[2] Rohde died in 1944 and was replaced by architect George Nelson, who joined the firm as director of design in 1945.^[2] Over the next four decades Nelson was to have an enormous influence upon Herman Miller, not only for his personal design contributions, but also for the talented designers he recruited to its ranks, including; Isamu Noguchi, Charles and Ray Eames, Robert Propst, and textile designer Alexander Girard.^[2] Beginning in the late 1940s the period under Nelson's guidance saw Herman Miller produce some of the world's most iconic pieces of modern furniture, including the Noguchi table, Eames Lounge Chair, Marshmallow sofa, Ball clock, and Nelson's own Hang-It-All, and Sling sofa.^[2]

Dirk Jan De Pree would continue to serve as Herman Miller CEO until 1961 when he was forced by illiness to step down. He was succeeded by his son, Hugh De Pree. Hugh De Pree would serve as company CEO until succeeded by his brother Max De Pree in the mid-1980s, a position he held until 1990.^[2]

In 1961 Herman Miller added the Herman Miller Research Division, based in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^[2] This division developed the "Action Office" line in 1964 under the supervision of Robert Propst and with the design assistance of George Nelson's New York design studio,.^[2] Though the initial line, known as "Action Office I", was not a success, it led Propst to develop the "Action Office II" line, which introduced the "Office cubicle".^[2] The impact of "Action Office II" on the workplace can not be overstated, as it revolutionized the office environment. In 1978 "Action Office II" was renamed simply Action Office. Herman Miller's line of "Action Office" products have generated sales of over $5 billion to date.^[2]

George Nelson's influence at Herman Miller gradually declined during the 1970s and new designers joined the company, including; Don Chadwick and Bill Stumpf who co-designed the Equa chair, and in the 1990s developed the highly successful Aeron chair.^[2] Designer Tom Newhouse would introduce the "Newhouse group" of free-standing furniture in 1987, and assist with the "Ethospace" wall panel system for the "Action Office" line. Ray Wilkes would design the "Modular Seating Group", popularly known as the Chicklet Chairs.^[2]

Artist Stephen Frykholm is also noted for his contributions to Herman Miller. From 1970 to 1989 Frykholm produced a series of posters for Herman Miller's annual summer picnics, some of which are in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, and remain highly sought-after art prints.^[2]

Workplace

Herman Miller is consistently recognized as one of Fortune Magazine's "Most Admired Companies", having placed at the top of the list for Furniture companies for the past 18 consecutive years.

The company is also noted for its dedication to a people focused employee culture, following a servant leadership concept.^{[citation needed]}

In March 2008, Herman Miller settled an antitrust lawsuit with the states of New York, Michigan, and Illinois for $750,000.^[3] The lawsuit focused on Herman Miller's use of a suggested retail pricing policy, which was found to be within the bounds of the law. Today, many companies employ such policies to avoid price erosion in the internet channel.

Sustainability

Herman Miller has engaged in a number of initiatives to promote sustainability, and many of them have had cost-saving implications for the company. The company has developed a technique of mixing sawdust with chicken manure to produce topsoil. The company also uses a database to track every chemical in each product used by the company, in order to eliminate harmful chemicals from their products. Management of the company has expressed concerns about global warming, and the company was using 27% renewable energy as of 2007. The company also issues a sustainability report.^[4]

Herman Miller's driving sustainability initiatives is it's "Perfect Vision" goal. This is a broad initiative that sets significant targets for the year 2020. These targets include zero landfill, zero hazardous waste generation, zero air emissions (VOC), zero process water use, 100 percent green electrical energy use, company buildings constructed to a minimum LEED Silver certification, and 100 percent of sales from DfE-approved products.^[5]

Many of Herman Miller's products are designed to be ecologically sound, and many are good examples of ecodesign techniques for achieving sustainability include saving materials, energy efficient manufacturing, recycled content, and recyclable content, including design for disassembly. The design process also utilizes life cycle assessment.^{[citation needed]}

Herman Miller helped fund the start of the United States Green Building Council, and hired architect William McDonough to design a factory incorporating green design principles. The building is known as the Greenhouse and is an example of green building.^{[citation needed]}

Objects

• Noguchi table (1947 by Isamu Noguchi)
• Eames chair (1950s by Charles & Ray Eames)
• Folding Screen (1950s by Charles & Ray Eames)
• The RAR Rocking Chair (1948 by Charles & Ray Eames)
• The Marshmallow sofa (1956 by Iriving Harper)
• Action Office I & II (1964-1967 by Robert Propst)
• Aeron chair (1994 by Don Chadwick)

Similar companies

• Knoll (company)
• Vitra (furniture)

References

1. ^ Schlosser, Julie (March 22, 2006). "Cubicles: The great mistake". Fortune Magazine. http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/09/magazines/fortune/cubicle_howiwork_fortune/index.htm?cnn=yes/. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u} Pina, Leslie (1998). Classic Herman Miller. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-0471-2. 
3. ^ "Herman Miller, states settle suit on Aeron chair price". Muskegon Chronicle. http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2008/03/herman_miller_states_settle_su.html. 
4. ^ Tim Zaun, "Herman Miller, the BHAG, and Internalizing Sustainability", GreenerDesign, Greenbiz.com, Jun. 22, 2007.
5. ^ http://www.hermanmiller.com/About-Us/Environmental-Advocacy/Our-Vision-and-Policy

External links

• Herman Miller
• Interview with Alexander Girard re association with Herman Miller Co. in the 1950s
• Cubicles: The great mistake, a CNN article