Menegazzia

Menegazzia
Menegazzia pertransita growing on a tree near Arthur's Pass, New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Lecanoromycetes
Order:	Lecanorales
Family:	Parmeliaceae
Genus:	Menegazzia A. Massal. (1854)
Type species
Menegazzia terebrata A. Massal. (1854)
Subgenera
Dispora R. Sant. (1942) Octospora R. Sant. (1942) Megamenegazzia Bjerke & Sipman (2007)

Menegazzia is a genus of lichenized fungi containing roughly 70 currently accepted species.^[1] The group is sometimes referred to as the tree flutes, honeycombed lichens, or hole-punch lichens. The most obvious morphological feature of the genus is the distinctive perforations spread across the upper side of the thallus. This makes the group easy to recognise, even for those not particularly familiar with lichen identification.

The genus has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution (excluding Antarctica), but is concentrated in Australasia, Melanesia, and southern South America. Most species grow exclusively on trees, but some grow on rocks, moss, and/or soil.^[1]

Etymology

Menegazzia was described by the Veronese lichenologist Abramo Massalongo in 1854.^[2] He named it after his friend Luigi Menegazzi, who was a distinguished naturalist in his own right.

Taxonomy

Placement of Menegazzia within the Parmeliaceae has now been confirmed by several molecular studies.^[3][4][5] However, the exact position of the genus within the Parmeliaceae remains uncertain. It is currently unplaced within the Parmeliaceae. Previously, the morphologically similar genus Hypogymnia was thought to be the sister genus to Menegazzia, with some authors even separating these two genera into a family of their own, the Hypogymniaceae.^[6] However, no molecular phylogenies to date have supported this grouping.^[3][4][5]

Currently there are three accepted subgenera within Menegazzia: Dispora, Octospora, and Megamenegazzia.^[7] However, the monophyletic nature of these three groups remains unknown.

Characteristics

Thallus

The thallus of Menegazzia is its most distinctive feature. It is foliose, dorsiventral, lobate, and often rosette-forming, though many species can also be irregularly spreading. It is heteromerous, that is, it contains an upper cortex, medulla, green algal layer (occupied by Trebouxia spp.), and lower cortex. The thallus can be loosely or closely attached to the substrate, depending on the species. Lobes are generally hollow and inflated, with perforations throughout the corticate upper surface. Only two species of Menegazzia are known which do not contain perforations (M. eperforata, and an as yet undescribed taxon from Papua New Guinea). Many species can be sorediate, but only a few isidiate. Maculae are often present, especially at the lobe tips. The lower surface is also corticate, naked, and often uniformly attached to the substrate (except in M. inflata). This surface is always blackened, and without rhizines. Internal cavities have walls which are most often white, but in some species they can be pigmented or blackened.^[8]

Apothecia

Rounded apothecia are produced along the lamina of most of the known Menegazzia species, while the others are thought to be entirely asexual (like M. nothofagi and M. globulifera). In the taxa that do produce apothecia, they are always lecanorine, and often cupuliform. They can be sessile, but more frequently are subpedicellate to pedicellate. The apothecial disc is concave to plane, matt to shining, or even pruinose in some taxa (like with M. dielsii), with a well-developed thalline exciple. Epithecium is pigmented, and occasionally has granular inclusions. The hymenium is always colourless. Hypothecium is chondroid, and made-up of thick-walled, conglutinated cells. Paraphyses are netted, with apical cells that are sometimes capitate, and often pigmented to some extent. Asci are 2 or 8-spored.^[8]

Spores

The ascospores are simple, colourless, ellipsoid, thick walled, with a broad range of dimensions: 20-120 × 10-50 µm. Pycnidia, if present, are produced along the lamina, and minute, immersed, and punctiform with a dark apex. Conidia, if present, are short and bacilliform.^[8]

Chemistry

Members of the genus have a diverse chemistry, including fatty acids, depsides, depsidones, and pigments.^[8]

Ecology

Menegazzia species are most often corticolous, but several species are saxicolous, muscicolous, and/or terricolous. This group tends to be most abundant and diverse in the southern beech (Nothofagus) forests of Australasia and South America. Most species appear to be very slow growing, especially in dryer habitats, but more study is needed here.

Evolution

Ascus evolution in Menegazzia is of particular interest, because many species have 2-spores per ascus, while all nearly other genera in the Parmeliaceae have 8-spores (making the character likely plesiomorphic for the family).

Uses

Menegazzia does not produce any economically important products, nor is it known to have had any uses by indigenous peoples. However, the genus is important for some small insects, which use the hollow lobes for shelter and the upper cortex for food.

Species

Main article: List of Menegazzia species

Image gallery

• 

  Menegazzia castanea on a rock outcrop. Rock & Pillar Range, New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.

• 

  Menegazzia eperforata, on a tree in Mt. Bruce, New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.

• 

  Menegazzia terebrata, photographed in Bavaria.

• 

  Menegazzia terebrata, photographed in Bavaria.

• 

  Menegazzia testacea, on a small tree in the Rangipo Desert, New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Galloway, D.J. (2007). Flora of New Zealand - Menegazzia http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx
2. ^ James, P.W. and Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - Menegazzia http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/MENEGAZZIA%20Genus%20and%20Key.pdf
3. ^ ^{a b} Arup, U., Ekman, S., Grube, M., Mattson, J., Wedin, M. (2007). The sister group relation of Parmeliaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Mycologia 99: 42-49. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/1/42
4. ^ ^{a b} Crespo, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Mattsson, J., Blanco, O., Divikar, P.K., Articus, K., Wiklund, E., Bawingan, P.A., Wedin, M. (2007). Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 812-824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276700
5. ^ ^{a b} Thell, A., Feuerer, T., Karnefelt, I., Myllys, L., Stenroos, S. (2004). Monophyletic groups within the Parmeliaceae identified by ITS rDNA, β-tubulin and GAPDH sequences. Mycological Progress 3: 297-314. http://www.springerlink.com/content/d0x4816574135425/
6. ^ Poelt, J. (1973). Classification. In: Ahmadjian, V., Hale, M.E. (Eds.), The Lichens. Academic Press, New York, pp.599-632./
7. ^ Bjerke, J.W. and Sipman, H.J.M. (2007). New species and new records of Menegazzia (Parmeliaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) from Malaysia and Indonesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 153: 489-499. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117997058/abstract
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Galloway, D.J. (1985). Flora of New Zealand - Menegazzia http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx

External links

• Menegazzia at the online Flora of New Zealand - Lichens - Revised 2nd Edition (2007)
• Menegazzia at the online Flora of New Zealand - Lichens (1985)
• Menegazzia at the online Checklist of the Lichens Of Australia and its Island Territories (2010)
• Menegazzia at the online Encyclopedia of Life
• Menegazzia gallery at Pictures of Tropical Lichens Online