Dorsal slit

The penis after dorsal slit.

A dorsal slit (often referred to in anthropology as superincision) is a single incision along the upper length of the foreskin from the tip to the corona, exposing the glans without removing any tissue.

An ancient practice,^[1] it has been a traditional custom among a number of peoples, particularly Filipinos and Pacific Islanders, probably for thousands of years. In Western medicine it was used as an alternative to circumcision to relieve conditions such as phimosis and paraphimosis, although a perception of poor cosmesis limited its popularity. It is still used when circumcision or other measures are impractical or undesirable.

Traditional custom

Since superincision and circumcision are both forms of genital cutting that expose the glans, it can often be difficult to know which procedure is being described or depicted. Opinion is divided on whether a 4,000-year-old image from Egypt, often described as the first depiction of circumcision, may in fact be of a superincision.^[2]

Superincision has been widely practised by people of the Pacific, stretching from Hawai‘i^[3] to the Philippines.^[4] However, with increasing urbanisation, traditional rituals have been giving way in many places to medically performed circumcision, and almost entirely so among Islanders living in New Zealand, where a recent survey found there was "a strong cultural demand from parents."^[5] The most notable exception to Pacific superincision is the Māori of New Zealand, who do not circumcise or superincise, although they have an indigenous term for the latter (ure haea or split penis) and their tradition is that they stopped the practice when they arrived in Aoteoroa.^[6]

Medical practice

Penis after dorsal slit (erection)

Phimosis

Dorsal slit has a long history as a treatment for adult phimosis,^[1] since compared with circumcision it was relatively easy to perform, did not risk damage to the frenulum, and before the invention of antibiotics was less likely to become infected. However, the literature often indicates that despite being "a simple operation" it was "not liked by some"^[7] or refers to the "untidy apron-like appearance" it could produce.^[8] Dorsal slit is now rare in Western countries as a treatment for phimosis. Standard guidelines suggest conservative approaches first and, should those fail, either circumcision or, increasingly, preputioplasty to both retain the foreskin and relieve the phimosis.^[9]

Paraphimosis and other conditions

In some cases the foreskin may become swollen as a result of paraphimosis (foreskin trapped behind the glans) or other conditions such as severe balanitis. Should reduction of the swelling by conservative methods be unsuccessful, a dorsal slit is a common intervention of choice since circumcision is almost always excluded in such cases.^[10][11] While it was formerly recommended that circumcision be subsequently performed once the originating condition has subsided,^[12] this appears to be no longer the case.^[13]

Dorsal Genital Slits in some African tribes

A variety of "dorsal slit" circumcison was once predominant amongst the Maasai tribe of Kenya and Tanzania, and is still practised and found in many of the more remote regions of the very large area known as "Maasailand" generally.

However the Maasai operation is different in this: rather than a dorsal slit from the opening of the prepuce to the corona, a heart shaped "oval" is excised from the dorsum of the prepuce and the glans is pushed through this hole. Later the edges of the cut prepuce will heal.

This leaves the prepuce intact and hanging down, but the glans exposed. Maasai men swear that this greatly enhances males and female sexual enjoyment.

Formerly tribes that copied the Maasai like the numerous Kikuyu of Kenya also practised the same form of circumcision. Photos of the operation and result are numerously found in specialized Africana books. Carol Beckwith and Tepelit Ole Saitoti's "Maasai" being, I believe, one of them and available on the Open Library project here.

There are even words for the resultant " prepuaial flap" in Maa and Gikuyu languages and possibly other African tongues. In Gikuyu the word, now archais, is likely to be "Ngwati".

This editor has personally seen naked Maasai men and youths who have most obviously undergone this special form of "superincision" and they are commonly found around the Shompole-Lake Natron-Ngorongoro area of Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania.

Numerous Maasai and anthropological authors of culture have described this procedure.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Christianakis E (2008). "Sutureless prepuceplasty with wound healing by second intention: An alternative surgical approach in children's phimosis treatment". BMC Urology 8: 6. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-8-6. PMC 2311323. PMID 18318903. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2490/8/6. 
2. ^ Tasmania Law Reform Institute Non-Therapeutic Male Circumcision Issues Paper, No. 14, 2009. (p. 14)
3. ^ Diamond, Milton (2004). "Sexual Behavior in Pre Contact Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography". Revista Española del Pacifico (16): 37–58. http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/2000to2004/2004-sexual-behavior-in-pre-contact-hawaii.html.  Diamond incorrectly terms the procedure subincision, though it is clear superincision is meant.
4. ^ Boyle, G and Ramos, S (2000). Ritual and Medical Circumcision among Filipino boys: Evidence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Humanities & Social Sciences papers, Bond University (p.5)
5. ^ Afsari M, Beasley SW, Maoate K, Heckert K (March 2002). "Attitudes of Pacific parents to circumcision of boys". Pacific Health Dialog 9 (1): 29–33. PMID 12737414. 
6. ^ Young, H and McGrath, K (2001). "A review of circumcision in New Zealand". In Hodges, Frederick Mansfield; Denniston, George C.; Milos, Marilyn Fayre. Understanding circumcision: a multi-disciplinary approach to a multi-dimensional problem. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 130. ISBN 0-306-46701-1. 
7. ^ "A Ritual Operation". Br Med J. 2 (4642): 1458–1459. 1949-12-24. PMC 2051965. PMID 20787713. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2051965. 
8. ^ Welsh, Fauset (1936-10-10). "INDICATIONS FOR INFANT CIRCUMCISION". Br Med J. 2 (3953): 714. PMC 2457672. PMID 20780160. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2457672. 
9. ^ Yachia, Daniel (2007). Text Atlas of Penile Surgery. Informa Healthcare. p. 16. ISBN 1-84184-517-5. http://books.google.com/?id=bQy4pZVETlwC&dq=atlas+penile+surgery&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
10. ^ Thiruchelvam N, Nayak P, Mostafid H (April 2004). "Emergency dorsal slit for balanitis with retention". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97 (4): 205–6. doi:10.1258/jrsm.97.4.205. PMC 1079370. PMID 15056750. http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15056750. 
11. ^ Kessler CS, Bauml J (November 2009). "Non-Traumatic Urologic Emergencies in Men: A Clinical Review". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 10 (4): 281–7. PMC 2791735. PMID 20046251. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2791735. 
12. ^ Warner E, Strashin E (November 1981). "Benefits and risks of circumcision". Canadian Medical Association Journal 125 (9): 967–76, 992. PMC 1862490. PMID 7037142. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1862490. 
13. ^ McGregor TB, Pike JG, Leonard MP (March 2007). "Pathologic and physiologic phimosis: Approach to the phimotic foreskin". Canadian Family Physician 53 (3): 445–8. PMC 1949079. PMID 17872680. http://www.cfp.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17872680.