Death of Muammar Gaddafi

Death of Muammar Gaddafi

Coordinates: 31°11′44″N 16°31′17″E / 31.19556°N 16.52139°E / 31.19556; 16.52139[1]

Muammar Gaddafi was killed in his home town of Sirte.

Muammar Gaddafi, leader of Libya for 42 years from 1969 to 2011, died on 20 October 2011 during the 2011 Libyan civil war. Gaddafi was captured alive after his convoy was attacked by NATO warplanes as Sirte fell on 20 October 2011. He was then beaten and killed by NTC forces.[2]

Contents

Events

After the fall of Tripoli to forces of the opposition National Transitional Council (NTC) in August 2011, Gaddafi and his family fled the Libyan capital. He was widely rumoured to have taken refuge in the south of the country and in fact Gaddafi had fled in a small convoy to Sirte on the day Tripoli fell. His son Moatassem Gaddafi followed in a second convoy.[3]

On 19 October, Libya's acting prime minister Mahmoud Jibril said that the former leader was believed to be in the southern desert, organising an insurgency among pro-Gaddafi tribes in the region. By that point the NTC had just taken control of the pro-Gaddafi town of Bani Walid and were close to taking control of Gaddafi's home town, the tribal heartland of Sirte east of Tripoli.[4] According to most accounts, Gaddafi had been with heavily armed regime loyalists in several buildings in Sirte for several months as NTC forces took the city.[5] Mansour Dhao, a member of Gaddafi's inner circle and leader of the regime's People's Guard, said that Gaddafi was very delusional and complained about the lack of electricity and water. Any attempts to persuade him to flee the country and give up power were ignored.[3] As the last loyalist district of Sirte fell, Gaddafi and other members of the government attempted to flee.[6]

At around 8:30 am local time on 20 October, Gaddafi, his army chief Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, his security chief Mansour Dhao, and a group of loyalists attempted to escape in a convoy of 75 vehicles.[7][8][9] A Royal Air Force reconnaissance aircraft spotted the convoy moving at a high speed, after NATO intercepted a satellite phone call made by Gaddafi.[10]

NATO aircraft then fired on 11 of the vehicles, destroying one. A U.S. Predator drone operated from a base near Las Vegas[9] fired the first missiles at the convoy, hitting its target about 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Sirte. Moments later, French Air Force fighter jets continued the bombing.[11][8] The NATO bombing immobilized much of the convoy and killed dozens of loyalist fighters. Following the first strike, some 20 vehicles broke away from the main group and continued moving south. A second NATO airstrike damaged or destroyed 10 of these vehicles.[8] According to the Financial Times, Free Libya units on the ground also struck the convoy.[12]

According to their statement, NATO was not aware at the time of the strike that Gaddafi was in the convoy.[8] NATO stated that in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1973, it does not target individuals but only military assets that pose a threat. NATO later learned, "from open sources and Allied intelligence," that Gaddafi was in the convoy and that the strike likely contributed to his capture.[8][12]

Capture and death

Gaddafi survived the strikes and took refuge in a large drainage pipe with several bodyguards. A nearby group of NTC fighters opened fire, wounding Gaddafi with gunshots to his leg and back. According to one NTC fighter, one of Gaddafi's own men also shot him, in order to spare him from being arrested.[13][14] It is unclear if NATO aircraft were involved in helping secure Gaddafi's capture by Libyan forces on the ground.[12]

Both Gaddafi and Jabr were killed shortly afterwards. Gaddafi reportedly shouted "Don't shoot!" prior to being shot.[15] In a video of his arrest[16] he can be seen draped on the hood of a car, held by rebel fighters.[17] A senior NTC official said that no order was given to execute Gaddafi.[17] Mahmoud Jibril gave an alternative account, stating that "when the car was moving it was caught in crossfire between the revolutionaries and Gaddafi forces in which he was hit by a bullet in the head."[18]

Several videos related to the death were broadcast by news channels and circulated via the internet. The first shows footage of Gaddafi alive, his face and shirt bloodied, stumbling and being dragged toward an ambulance by armed men chanting "God is great" in Arabic.[5][6] The video appears to picture Gaddafi being sodomized "with some kind of stick or knife"[19] or possibly a bayonet.[20] Another shows Gaddafi, stripped to the waist, suffering from an apparent gunshot wound to the head, and in a pool of blood, together with jubilant fighters firing automatic weapons in the air.[5][6] A third video, posted on YouTube, shows fighters "hovering around his lifeless-looking body, posing for photographs and yanking his limp head up and down by the hair."[5][6][21]

Gaddafi's body

Move to Misrata

Gaddafi's body was subsequently taken to Misrata to the west of Sirte, where a doctor's examination disclosed that the deposed leader had been shot in the head and abdomen.[22]

Public display

The interim Libyan authorities decided to keep his body "for a few days", NTC oil minister Ali Tarhouni said, "to make sure that everybody knows he is dead."[23] To that end, the body was moved to an industrial freezer where members of the public were permitted to view it as confirmation.[24] Gaddafi's body was publicly displayed in a freezer in Misrata until the afternoon of 24 October.[25] Some people drove hundreds of kilometres across Libya to see proof that he had died. One viewer of the bodies said about the public display of his corpse, "God made the pharaoh as an example to the others. If he had been a good man, we would have buried him. But he chose this destiny for himself."[26]

Gaddafi's body was displayed alongside that of his son, Moatassem Gaddafi, who also died in the custody of Misratan fighters after his capture in Sirte on 20 October. The younger Gaddafi's body was removed from the refrigerator for burial at the same time as his father's on 24 October.[27]

Demands for the body

Although an NTC spokesman said Gaddafi's body would be returned to members of his family with a directive to keep the late strongman's burial site a secret after Libyan coroners conducted an autopsy to determine his cause of death,[7] the semi-autonomous military council in Misrata said it would be buried quickly instead, vetoing the idea of an autopsy.[28][29] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch called for an independent autopsy and an investigation into how Gaddafi died in captivity,[30] but Jibril said neither step was necessary.[31]

Autopsy

On 23 October, the results of an autopsy conducted despite Misratan commanders' earlier refusal to allow one were released. They indicated that Gaddafi was killed by a gunshot to the head.[32]

Burial

On 25 October, NTC representatives announced that Gaddafi's body had finally been buried in an undisclosed location in the desert early that morning, together with those of his son Moatassem Gaddafi and the regime's defense minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr.[33][34][35] According to several NTC officials the burial was attended by a few officials and relatives, including at least one prisoner of war, former Libyan security chief Mansour Dhao.[36] A Dubai based satellite TV channel Al Aan TV showed amateur footage of the funeral taking place at an undisclosed location where Islamic prayers were read.[37][38] Libya's Minister for Information Mahmoud Shammam said that a fatwa had forbidden the burial of Gaddafi on a Muslim cemetery.[39]

Concurrent capture or death of relatives and associates

National Transitional Council officials also announced that one of Gaddafi's sons, Moatassem Gaddafi, once the Libyan national security advisor, was killed in Sirte the same day. A video later surfaced showing Moatassem's lifeless body lying in an ambulance.[40] A video aired on Al Arrai television shows Moatassem alive and talking to his captors. The circumstances of his death are unclear.[41]

The fate of his other son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, is unclear. He was reported as captured and possibly wounded or even dead by some sources,[5][6][42][43] and still at large by others.[44] On 29 October, an official of the International Criminal Court informed the BBC that they were in contact with Saif through an intermediary and that he wished to give himself up to the court.

Footage had emerged earlier on 20 October of the body of Gaddafi's defense minister, Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr. Abdul Hakim Al Jalil, the commander of the NTC's 11th brigade, stated that former Gaddafi spokesman Moussa Ibrahim had been captured near Sirte. Reports indicate that Ahmed Ibrahim, one of Gaddafi's cousins, was also captured.[42]

Subsequent events

Calls for investigation

Numerous organizations including the United Nations, the U.S. and UK governments have called for an investigation of the exact circumstances of Gaddafi's death,[45] amid concerns that it may have been an extrajudicial killing and a war crime.[46][47][48]

The UN human rights office spokesperson said that he expects the UN commission already investigating potential human rights abuse in Libya would look into the case.[41] Waheed Burshan, a member of the NTC, said that an investigation should happen.[49]

On 24 October 2011 the NTC announced that it had ordered an investigation in response to the international calls[25] and that it would prosecute the killers if the investigation showed he died after his capture.[50]

Changes in interim government

Libya's de facto prime minister, Mahmoud Jibril, said on 22 October 2011 that he would give up the post to make place for elections, which would be held within eight months.[49] He was succeeded as interim prime minister by Abdurrahim El-Keib after a brief period in which his deputy, Ali Tarhouni, assumed his duties.[51][52]

Regional ramifications

In its immediate aftermath, the killing of Gaddafi was thought to have significant implications in the Middle East, as a critical part of the "Arab Spring". Pundits speculated that the death would intensify protesting in Syria and Yemen,[53] and French officials stated that because of this they were "watching the Algerian situation".[53]

Domestic reactions

Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril said he wished Gaddafi had remained alive so he could be tried for crimes against humanity,[32] saying he had wanted to serve as Gaddafi's prosecutor,[54] but now that he was dead, Libya would need a meticulous plan for the transition to democracy.[55]

Chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil, the de facto head of state, said, "Our forces' resistance to Gaddafi ended well, with the help of God." He declared Libya to be "liberated" at a ceremony in Benghazi on 23 October, three days after Gaddafi's death.[51]

NTC official Ali Tarhouni said on 22 October that he had instructed the military council in Misrata to keep Gaddafi's body preserved for several days in a commercial freezer "to make sure that everybody knows he is dead".[56] Two days later, Tarhouni acknowledged that there had been human rights abuses in the Battle of Sirte, which he said the NTC condemned, and said the Executive Board "did not want to put an end to that tyrant's life before bringing him to trial and making him answer questions that have always haunted Libyans".[57]

A spokesman for the Misrata military council, Fathi Bashagha, said the council was confident Gaddafi was dead and that he had died of wounds sustained during fighting before his capture.[58]

Saadi Gaddafi, one of Muammar Gaddafi's surviving sons in exile in Niger, said through an attorney that he was "shocked and outraged by vicious brutality" toward his father and his brother, Moatassem Gaddafi, and that the killing showed that the new Libyan leadership could not be trusted to hold fair trials.[59]

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi
See also: International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya

Many leaders and foreign ministers of European countries, as well as fellow Western countries including Australia, Canada, and the United States, made statements hailing Gaddafi's death as a positive development for Libya. The city-state of Vatican City responded to the event by declaring it recognised the National Transitional Council as Libya's legitimate government.[60] World leaders such as Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi[61] and Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard[62] suggested that the death of Gaddafi meant the war was over. Some officials, such as UK Foreign Secretary William Hague, expressed disappointment that Gaddafi was not brought back alive and made to stand trial.[63]

Reaction from the governments of countries closely allied with Gaddafi's Libya was negative, with Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez describing the former Libyan leader's death as an assassination and an "outrage".[64]

NATO

Main article: International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi#Intergovernmental organizations

Immediately after Gaddafi's death, NATO released a statement denying it knew beforehand that Gaddafi was traveling in the convoy it struck.[8] Admiral James G. Stavridis, NATO's top officer, said the death of Gaddafi meant that NATO would likely wind down its operations in Libya.[65] Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the NATO secretary-general, said NATO would "terminate [its] mission in coordination with the United Nations and the National Transitional Council".[66]

See also

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