- Khulm River
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Khulm River 
Origin Kara-Kotal pass Mouth Amu Darya River Basin countries Afghanistan Length 230 km (140 mi) Source elevation 3,600 m (11,800 ft) Basin area 8,400 km2 (3,200 sq mi) The Khulm River (Darya-i Khulm) (alternate spelling: Kholm; alternate name: Tashqurghan River)[1] is a river of northern-central Afghanistan. In its upper course, it passes through Khulm and Haybak,[2] today in Balkh Province. The Khulm is a tributary to the Oxus basin.[3] Its source is located to the north of the city of Khulm. Further downstream, it passes through the city of Samangan and Samangan Province. The Khulm River forms the western border of Kunduz Province.[3]
Contents
Geography
The mountains are characterized as rocky aridity as they extend from the Koh-i-Baba to Khulm River. On occasion, the landscape turns into trenched valleys engulfed with vegetation.[3] The river rocks are composed of sandstone and limestone.[4]
The Khulm River is one of the tributaries of the Amu Darya River, a major river in Central Asia. It is known as a “blind river” or “natural river” as it dries up due to local use within its basin boundary and does not reach the Amu Darya, except during exceptional high flow years. The Khulm River originates in the Kara-Kotal pass and flows through gorges and then emerges into a wide valley near the Tashkurgan town. The river raising at an elevation of 3,600 m has a total length of about 230 km. It drains a catchment area of 8,400 km² with the annual runoff estimates varying from 58.2 to 67 million m3 by different assessors. The road between Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif follows the course of the river.[5] At the junction of the Bamian and Badakhshan routes, the Khulm River emerges from the mountains by the town of Kholm.[6]
The Khulm is used for irrigation entirely before it can reach the Oxus.[3] In 1896, Keane wrote of the countryside's desert encroachment, causing the Khulm River as it passes from the Kara-koh hills to no longer reach the Oxus.[7]
Agriculture
Pistachio farmers near the banks of the Khulm
The banks of the Khulm River are rich agricultural areas with rolling green hills at the side of the valleys it passes through. Many farmers in this region of Afghanistan are dependent upon the river for agriculture, particularly fruits. The Khulm is said to produce the world's finest Satar Bayee, Khairuddin Bayee and Abdul Wahidi almonds, pistachio nuts and Afghanistan’s finest pomegranates .[8]
Flood control
Near Khulm, there are extensive orchards on the banks of the river.[9] IDEA-NEW has been responsible for implementing a new program to prevent the orchards from flooding in Khulm District, protecting some 500 hectares of orchards from floods.[8] The first phase was completed in winter 2009 with the erection of a 975 metre long protection wall and in 2010 550 metre long gabion protection walls were built on both sides of the Khulm River benefiting 500 families.[8] The project has created some 6,900 days of employment for local workers combined and generating an income of US $99,362 for the labourers who were trained in gabion weaving to be implemented along the river banks.[8] Previously the locals living along the river would attempt to mitigate the river against flooding with sandbanks which failed poorly.[8]
References
- ^ Noelle, Christine (1997). State and tribe in nineteenth-century Afghanistan: the reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Psychology Press. p. 61. ISBN 0700706291. http://books.google.com/books?id=iqkiRvaDThgC&pg=PA61.
- ^ Le Strange, Guy (1930). The lands of the eastern caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem conquest to the time of Timur. CUP Archive. p. 427. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q_88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA427&lpg=PA427&dq=Khulm+River&source=bl&ots=nRHnuO9PNM&sig=RtHOdGxX1VZ6XuqfO9UnFWxc-eU&hl=en&ei=c7TJTLCgFN-5jAegttnsCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Khulm%20River&f=false.
- ^ a b c d Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1888). "Afghanistan". The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. 1. H.G. Allen. pp. 242–243. http://books.google.com/books?id=TKcMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA242.
- ^ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) (1843). "Turkistan". The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 25. C. Knight. pp. 413. http://books.google.com/books?id=NUhFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA413.
- ^ "Water Resource Development In Northern Afghanistan and Its Implications::Working paper 12" (pdf). World Bank. pp. 2, 11–12. http://waterwiki.net/images/5/5d/WB-workin_papre_2004_Amu_Darya_Water_Resources.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ^ Keane, Augustus Henry (1896). Asia...: Southern and western Asia. E. Stanford. p. 33. http://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA33.
- ^ Keane, p. 18
- ^ a b c d e "IDEA-NEW protects 500 hectares of orchards from floods in Khulm District of Balkh". USAID. August 15, 2010. http://www.ideanew.af/?lang=en&p=news_stories&nid=172. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
- ^ Wood, John (2001). A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus. With an essay on the geography of the valley of the Oxus by Henry Yule. Elibron.com. p. 266. ISBN 1402100345. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nLeda670m3UC&pg=PA266.
Coordinates: 36°45′58″N 67°42′09″E / 36.766007°N 67.702446°E
Categories:- Rivers of Afghanistan
- Geography of Balkh Province
- Samangan Province
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