Daju people

This page is about Daju people, also see: Daju (disambiguation).

The Daju People are a group of seven distinct ethnicities speaking related languages (see Daju languages) living on both sides of the Chad-Sudan border and in the Nuba Mountains. Separated by distance and speaking different languages, at present, they generally have little cultural affinity to each other.

The traditional area identified with the Daju are the Daju Hills in the southern portion of the Marrah Mountains located in the Darfur province of Sudan. As the Marrah Mountains are the only area in Darfur that has a temperate climate and thus could support large populations, a Daju state arose perhaps as early as the 12th century. Very little is known of this kingdom except for a list of kings and several mentions in Egyptian texts. The Daju appear to be the dominant group in Darfur from earliest times vying for control with their northern Marrah Mountain rivals, the agricultural Fur people.

History

The Daju empire is said to have spread its control as far east as Kurdufan, west of the Nuba Mountains and as far west as Chad.^[1][2] The Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi, writing about 1400, described "Taju" as being a fairly powerful kingdom lying between Kanem and the Nile kingdoms.^[3] The Daju people are said to have settled in a long belt stretching from South Kurdufan westward through Darfur and into Chad.^[4]

According to tradition, the Daju dynasty was conquered by the Sokoro-speaking Tunjur people in the 14th century who moved from the west via the kingdoms of Bornu and Wadai. The Daju were scattered with the Daju King escaping westward with some of his people and establishing a small new kingdom in the Dar Sila Area in Chad, now the home of the people known as the Dar Sila Daju. Other Daju moved eastward eventually settling in what is now South Kurdufan province near Muglad just north of Abyei and west of the Nuba Mountains. Records indicate that they consisted of two distinct Daju groups although it is uncertain if the migration displaced non-Daju peoples or if one of the groups was indigenous to the area. There is one source that indicates that both the Ngok Dinka and the Messiria admit that the Daju were the indigenous people of Muglad.^[5] They were eventually displaced by the Messiria from the north and were forced south into Abyei where they were defeated by the Ngok Dinka. One group was driven westward (possibly the ancestors of the Njalgulgule people) and the other group, consisting of Dar Fur Daju, were driven east into the Nuba Hills settling near Lagowa where they developed their own distinct dialect of the Nyala language.^[6]

The Tunjur introduced Islam to the region which had previously been pagan and over time adapted Arabic as their administrative language. In 1596, contol of Darfur passed into the hands of the Keira dynasty through intermarriage between the last sultan of the ruling Tunjur dynasty, Ahmad al-Maqur and its more populous vassals the Fur people.^[7] The resulting Fur-dominated Darfur Sultanate continued on until 1898.^[8][9][10]

Geography

As a result of their defeat at the hands of the Tunjur and then dominance by the Fur, the Daju were displaced from much of their territory and now exist in several distinct pockets in the Sudan and Chad.^[11]

The remaining Daju people exist in the following distinct groups:

• Beygo numbering 850 (1978) living in Southern Darfur in the Sudan southeast of Nyala in the hills east of Kube. The Beygo language is now extinct with most of the remaining population speaking Arabic

• Dar Daju Daju numbering 34,000 (1993) and living in the Guera region of Chad. They speak the Daju Mongo language.

• Dar Fur Daju numbering 80,000 (2007) and living in Southern Darfur in the Sudan in the Daju Hills 40 km northeast of Nyala. They speak the Nyala language. Much of this population has fled to Chad as a result of the Darfur Conflict.^[12] There is also a small population of Dar Fur Daju near the city of Lagowa in the Nuba Hills.

• Dar Sila Daju numbering 63,100 (2000) and living in southern Chad in the Ouaddai region. They speak the Sila language.

• Njalgulgule numbering 900 (1977) and living in one village in southern Sudan near the confluence of the Sopo River and Boro River. They speak the Njalgulgule language. They are likely a later out-migation resulting from the collapse of the Daju empire.

There are also two groups located in the Nuba Mountains and due to their sharp linguistic differential from each other as well as the other Daju languages, it is generally agreed that they come from a very early migration (perhaps 2,000 years ago) out of the Daju Urheimat in the Marrah Mountains. There they carved out their own small territory in the midst of the original inhabitants of the eastern Nuba Mountains, the Kordofanian tribes, as well as amongst later migrating tribal/linguistic groupings: the Nyimang tribes, the Temein tribes, and the Kadugli tribes. The migration of the Hill Nubian tribes in the Nuba Hills is generally seen as coming after the main Daju migration. The Nuba Mountains have generally been an area of "retreat" for persecuted groups seeking security hence the significant linguistic diversity.^[13]

• Logorik numbering 2,000 (1971) and living in the central Nuba Mountains. They speak the Liguri language.

• Shatt number 15,000 (1984) and living in the Nuba Hills southest of the capital Kadugli. They speak the Shatt language.^[14][15]

Customs/Religion

The Dar Sila Daju in Chad are arranged in clans with each male-led clan having its own role in society. The Sultan is chosen from one and his advisors are drawn from another. The Sultanship is primarily serves the role of religious leader but also remains a symbol of tribal identity and unity.

The Daju were primarily farmers, concentrating on cereal grain production, like millet, sorghum, and corn (maize). They also do some hunting as well as gathering honey, berries and wild fruits.

Women are the house-builders typically making round houses with cone roofs although in the towns, houses tend to be rectangular. Women also sow the crops, ground the grain, and cook the meals. Traditionally, community chores were shared, with young people being given work assignments in the village. Daju women are reported to whiten their teeth with sticks and tattoo their eyelids, gums and lips with acacia thorns. Similar to other traditional African tribes, they often remain bare-breasted among relatives.

The Dar Daju Daju and the Dar Sila Daju are predominantly muslim but they still practice many of their traditional religious customs including the building of straw shrines to their traditional high god Kalge whom they equate with Allah of Islam.

The religion of the Dar Fur Daju would be classified as Animism. The Dar Fur Daju observe two annual festivals by lighting fires and celebrate the traditional grain harvest by pouring out water and beer beneath a sacred tree or stone.^[16]

References

1. ^ Musa, Abraham; Ancient History of Western Sudan US Military: Defense Language Institute, August 16, 2006
2. ^ Jenkins, Orville; The Daju Populations of Sudan and Chad
3. ^ al-Maqrizi in Nehemiah Levztion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds. and trans. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (Cambridge, 1981, reprinted Princeton, NJ, 2000), pp 353-54.
4. ^ Sudan Tribune: "The Nuba: A People’s Struggle for Political Niche and Equity in Sudan" April 1, 2008
5. ^ Sudanese Online: "ABC REPORT REVISITTED: A REPLY TO ADAM B ELHIRAIKA,PhD By Charles K Deng" March 14, 2006.
6. ^ [1] Ende, Nanne op't, History of the Nuba, part I
7. ^ Dr. Richard A Lobban, Professor of Anthropology, Rhode Island College. "Marrying Modeling with Empiricism: the case and context of Sudan" Paper presented at the National Defense University, July 2008
8. ^ Jenkins, Orville; The Daju Populations of Sudan and Chad
9. ^ Nachtigal, Gustav; Sahara and Sudan: Wadai and Darfur p 273-274
10. ^ BBC News: "making Space for Darfur's Victims May 06, 2006
11. ^ Joshua Project Daju people map of Daju settlement
12. ^ New York Times: "The Face of Genocide" November 19, 2006
13. ^ Thelwall, Robin; The Linguistic Settlment of the Nuba Mountains
14. ^ by Thelwall, Robin; The Linguistic Settlement of the Nuba Mountains 1983
15. ^ Ethnologue Entry on Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju Languages retrieved May 21, 2011
16. ^ Jenkins, Orville; The Daju Populations of Sudan and Chad