Leporicypraea mappa

Map cowry
A live individual of Leporicypraea mappa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily:	Cypraeoidea
Family:	Cypraeidae
Subfamily:	Cypraeinae
Genus:	Leporicypraea
Species:	L. mappa
Binomial name
Leporicypraea mappa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms[2]
Cypraea mappa (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] Cypraea alga Perry, 1811 Cypraea mappa var. rosea Gray, 1824 Cypraea mappa var. subsignata Melvill, 1888 Cypraea montosa Roberts, 1870 Cypraea montrouzieri Dautzenberg, 1903 Leporicypraea cinereoviridescens Bouge, 1961 Leporicypraea mappa rewa Steadman & Cotton, 1943 Leporicypraea viridis Kenyon, 1902 Mauritia mappa geographica Schilder & Schilder, 1933

Leporicypraea mappa (previously known as Cypraea mappa), common name the map cowry, is a species of cowry, a sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. It is considered an economically important species in the Indo-West Pacific, usually collected both for food and shell trading.^[3] The map cowry was named after its distinct color pattern, mainly because of the longitudinal lines and the easily distinguishable and sinuous mantle groove, which creates a resemblance to ancient maps.^[3]

Taxonomy

Leporicypraea mappa was previously subordinated to the genus Cypraea. In the currently most accepted taxonomy of the Cypraeidae by Lorenz & Hubert (2000), this species is considered to be within the genus Leporicypraea, with several subspecies.^[4] Recently, the division of this taxon in two or even three nominal species based on morphological and molecular characters has been suggested.^[5]

Subspecies

Subspecies of Leporicypraea mappa include according to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) : ^[6]

• Leporicypraea mappa admirabilis Lorenz, 2002
• Leporicypraea mappa aliwalensis Lorenz, 2002
• Leporicypraea mappa mappa (Linnaeus, 1758)

The Indo-Pacific Molluscan also includes : ^[2]:

• Leporicypraea mappa rosea (Gray, 1824)
• Leporicypraea mappa panerythra (Melvill, 1888)
• Leporicypraea mappa viridis (Kenyon, 1902)
• Leporicypraea mappa geographica (Schilder & Schilder, 1933)

Shell description

Dorsal view of a shell of the map cowry, Leporicypraea mappa. The anterior end is towards the bottom

A comparison between the color pattern of the shell of Leporicypraea mappa (left) and an ancient Chinese topographic map (right). Notice the resemblance

The maximum shell length of this species is up to 10 cm, but it more commonly grows up to about 8 cm.^[3]

The shell of Leporicypraea mappa is globose, with a near elliptical, slightly elongate outline. In affinity to other Cypraeidae, the aperture of the shell is very narrow, and relatively long. Both the inner and outer lips are ornamented with arrays of small teeth, though the teeth of the outer lip are shorter and stronger in comparison to the teeth of the inner lip, which are thinner and more numerous.^[3] Its dorsal side is normally inflated, while the ventral side of the shell is slightly concave.

The shell is colored white or cream, with several longitudinal brown lines, which are sometimes interrupted by circular empy spaces. The cursory dorsal mantle groove line is dissimilar to the shells general color pattern, completely devoid of lines, thus easily perceivable. Its sinuous appearance, with several branches and notches, makes it a diagnostic character for this species. This exotic color pattern gives an appearance similar to that of ancient maps, hence the specific and common names. Both the ventral side of the shell and the labral teeth may vary greatly in color, assuming shades of white or cream, or even purple, brown, orange^[3] or pink.^[7]

Distribution

A map of the distribution of Leporicypraea mappa

Leporicypraea mappa is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific. It is present in many regions, including East Africa, Madagascar, southeastern Red Sea, eastern Polynesia, southern Japan, Australia and New Caledonia.^[3]

This exceptionally wide range may possibly be an artifact. Some conchologists claim that the taxonomy of the species is poorly resolved; if the map cowry is in fact confirmed as being two or more cryptic species, then this could drastically change the range of its distribution.^[8]

Ecology

Habitat

The map cowry lives in the intertidal and sublittoral zones, usually in coral reef areas, dwelling under slabs and stones at depths of 45 m.^[3]

Human uses

The flesh of the map cowry is edible, and it is commonly collected by local fishermen for food and shell trading wherever it occurs. It is sold in fish markets in the northern Philippines.^[3] The shells of Cypraea mappa (as it was previously known) were considered rare, exotic and beautiful, and were highly prized by private shell collectors in the late 1950s.^[7]

References

1. ^ (Latin) Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 
2. ^ ^{a b} ONIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database. retrieved 13 September 2010
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Poutiers, J. M. (1998).Gastropods in: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1. Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO, 1998. page 492.
4. ^ Lorenz, F.; Hubert, A. (2000). A Guide to Worldwide Cowries (2nd ed.). Hackenheim: CochBooks. ISBN 3925919252. 
5. ^ Soriano, J. L. (2006). "Consideraciones taxonómicas sobre la familia Cypraeidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), con una nueva propuesta de clasificación supragenérica" (in Spanish). Spira (Associación Catalana de Malacologia) 2 (1): 41–62. http://www.molluscat.com/SPIRA/PDF/VOL2/SPIRA_2(1)_026_Lopez_2006.pdf. 
6. ^ WoRMS : Leporicypraea mappa; accessed 19 October 2010]
7. ^ ^{a b} Chicago Natural History Museum Bulletin. Vol. 28, no. 4, April 1957. Page 3.
8. ^ Lorenz, Felix (2002). "Revision of the mappas". http://www.cowries.info/shell/mappa/mappatext.html. Retrieved 2009-09-25.