Crossair Flight 850

A Crossair Saab 2000, similar to the accident aircraft
Accident summary
Date	10 July 2002
Type	Multiple issues - weather, crew resource management, incorrect ATC phraseology, incorrect runway markings.
Site	Werneuchen Airfield, Germany 52°37′58″N 13°46′12″E / 52.63278°N 13.77°E / 52.63278; 13.77
Passengers	16
Crew	4
Injuries	1
Fatalities	0
Survivors	20
Aircraft type	Saab 2000
Aircraft name	Doldenhorn
Operator	Crossair
Tail number	HB-IZY
Flight origin	Basle Airport, Switzerland
Destination	Fuhlsbüttel Airport, Hamburg, Germany

Crossair Flight 850 was an international scheduled passenger flight from Basle, Switzerland, to Hamburg, Germany. On 10 July 2002, the flight was unable to land at Fuhlsbüttel Airport due to weather. Attempts were made to divert to other airports at Berlin and Eberswalde before the crew decided to land at Werneuchen. On landing, the aircraft struck an earth bank which ripped off all three undercarriage legs, and came to rest on its belly with an engine on fire. One of the sixteen passengers suffered minor injuries. The aircraft was written off.

The investigation into the accident by the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (BFU) took over eight years to complete. It raised a number of issues, including poor crew resource management, insufficient weather information being passed to the crew of Flight 850 and faulty runway markings at Werneuchen Airfield, where the runway had been reduced in length from 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), but the runway markings had not been altered to reflect this.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a Saab 2000, registered HB-IZY,^[1] and named Doldenhorn, after a 3,643 metres (11,952 ft) high mountain in Switzerland.^[2] The aircraft was msn 047 and had first flown on 30 April 1997.^[1] At the time of the accident, it had completed 12,303 hours of flight and made 12,069 landings.^[3]

Accident

All times are UTC (Zulu Time), local time was two hours ahead of UTC.

Flight 850 was originally scheduled to be operated by an Embraer 145 aircraft. Due to the non-availability of the Embraer 145, a Saab 2000 was substituted, and the briefing for the flight was extended by 15 minutes.^[4] Actual departure was at 15:55 UTC, 10 minutes later than the scheduled departure time.^[5] Weather reports indicated a line of thunderstorms, winds up to 45 knots (83 km/h) could be expected at Fuhlsbüttel and the designated alternatives of Hannover and Bremen. A number of SIGMETs were issued about an hour before the flight departed Basle, but the flight crew did not receive these. The SIGMETs indicated a front was developing with thunderstorms reaching FL380 in the Bremen area. The flight was scheduled to take-off from Basle Airport at 14:45. It carried four crew and 16 passengers. The Terminal Aerodrome Forecast for Fuhlsbüttel Airport, Hamburg valid from 13:00 to 22:00 was: TAF EDDH 101200Z 101322 31010KT 9999 FEW025 TEMPO 1320 29020G40KT 3000 TSRA BKN013CB Tempo 1922 4000 RA BKN014.^[4][6]

Runway 23 was the active runway at Fuhlsbüttel. On approach to land, the flight encountered severe turbulence due to a thunderstorm and the crew aborted the approach as the aircraft descended through 3,300 feet (1,000 m). It was later established that a derecho had formed.^[7] Winds of 81 knots (150 km/h) were recorded, and seven people were killed in the Berlin area.^[8] The storm was described as the worst summer storm in 50 years in Berlin.^[9] The crew decided to hold while they assessed their alternatives. The designated alternative airport was Bremen Airport, some 55 nautical miles (102 km) away. To reach Bremen would have meant flying through a frontal system. Another aircraft successfully landed on Runway 33 at Hamburg, reporting strong winds. The crew of Flight 580 declined to attempt a landing on Runway 23, and requested a diversion to Langenhagen Airport, Hannover. Air Traffic Control (ATC) did not suggest any other alternatives, nor were they requested by the crew.^[7]

En route, the frontal system prevented the crew from turning towards Hannover. A decision was made to divert to Tegel Airport, Berlin. The Automatic Terminal Information Service at Tegel stated that the weather there was clear and no significant change was expected. Approaching Tegel's Runway 08L, the crew requested priority handling, stating that they had fuel for 40 minutes flight. On approach, severe turbulence was again encountered due to the frontal system having reached Berlin. The approach was abandoned and the crew requested an alternate airfield from ATC. Eberswalde Airfield was suggested and accepted by the crew, who stated "We'll take anything at this point". On hearing this remark, ATC treated the aircraft's situation as an emergency. En route to Eberswalde, thunderstorms were observed and alternates were sought from ATC.^[7]

Hamburg ATC then offered Neubrandenburg Airport, which was rejected by the crew of Flight 850 on receiving the weather information. Werneuchen Airfield was then offered, which was 20 nautical miles (37 km) away and offered a runway 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) long. Werneuchen was accepted by the crew. ATC managed to contact the chairman of the flying club based at Werneuchen. He stated that the runway surface was 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) long, but an earth bank stretched across the runway leaving 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) available. Landing on Runway 08 meant that the first part of the runway fell before the earth bank. Almost an hour after aborting the approach to Fuhlsbüttel, Flight 850 began its approach to Werneuchen. The crew reported that they were visual with the runway and were advised by Werneuchen ATC that they needed to land on the eastern part of Runway 08. When Flight 850 turned onto its final approach, the captain remarked that the runway was "longer than Berne", and told the first officer to land wherever he wanted.^[7] Although the closed off part of the runway had been marked as such, the markings had weathered severely over the years, meaning that the original markings were easier to see than those that actually applied. Fading light and a lack of runway lighting contributed to the inability of the crew to see the earth bank.^[10]

The first officer landed the aircraft at what appeared to be the runway threshold. It then came in contact with the earth bank which ripped off all three undercarriage legs and the aircraft slid to a halt on its belly. The fire alarm for the port engine sounded, and the crew performed fire drills on both engines.^[7] One female passenger injured her leg.^[9] The wrecked aircraft was initially stored^[1] but was later declared as damaged beyond economic repair^[7] and was subsequently scrapped.^[1]

Investigation

The German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (BFU) opened an investigation into the accident, which was to take 3,005 days (over eight years) to complete.^[3] It found that a combination of factors caused the accident. Had the crew received the SIGMETs, the BFU considers it is likely that the crew would have realised that the thunderstorms were not isolated, but part of a system, and therefore made different decisions to those that they did.^[7]

The METARs for both Tegel and Schönefeld airports showed CAVOK and NOSIG, which was harshly criticised by the BFU.^[7] At 17:50, this METAR was issued at Tegel Airport: EDDT 04001KT CAVOK 30/17 Q1002 A2959 0998 2947 NOSIG.^[4][11] At the time, the cold front was 30 kilometres (16 nmi) south west of Tegel, and had moved 100 kilometres (54 nmi) in the previous hour. The BFU was of the opinion that NOSIG should not have been in the METAR, and that a SPECI would have been required.^[7] At 18:20, a new METAR was issued at Tegel: EDDT VRB01KT 9999 FEW040CB SCT120 BKN260 29/17 Q1002 A2959 0998 2947 TEMPO 27025G55KT 2000 +TSRA BKN009 BKN015CB COMMENTS: OCNL LTNG AND CB SW OF STN.^[4][12] This METAR was issued two minutes before Flight 850 began its approach to Tegel.^[7]

The decision to abort the approach to Fuhlsbüttel was supported by the BFU, but not the decision to divert to Hannover. The decision to divert to Tegel was supported by the BFU, based on the incorrect information given to the crew of CAVOK and NOSIG at Tegel. On approach to Werneuchen, ATC did not use correct terminology. It also found that the runway markings at Werneuchen did not conform to the required standard.^[7]

See also

• 1947 BOAC Douglas C-47 crash, another case of multiple diversions.

External links

External images
	Photo of HB-IZY

• German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation
  • English translation of final report
  • Original report (German)

References

	Germany portal
	Switzerland portal
	Aviation portal

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Saab 2000 MSN 47". Planesregister. http://www.planesregister.com/aircraft/s20-47.htm. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 
2. ^ "Swiss Names and Planes". Aviation News. http://www.aviation-news.co.uk/archive/swissNamesAndPlanes.html. Retrieved 20 December 2010. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "H-IZY Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20020710-0. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d} "Untersuchungsbericht" (in German). Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung. October 2010. http://www.bfu-web.de/cln_005/nn_223970/DE/Publikationen/Untersuchungsberichte/2002/Bericht__02__AX002__Saab2000__Werneuchen,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/Bericht_02_AX002_Saab2000_Werneuchen.pdf. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 
5. ^ "Further details of the landing of a SWISS aircraft at Werneuchen, Germany". Hugin. 11 July 2002. http://www.huginonline.com/try/plsql/pressreleases.queryview?P_IDENTIFIER=866485&p_la=5. Retrieved 20 December 2010. 
6. ^ Terminal Aerodrome Forecast for Fuhlsbüttel Airport, issued on the 10th of the month at 12:00 Zulu Time, valid on the 10th of the month between 13:00 and 22:00 Zulu Time. Wind 310° at 10 knots (19 km/h), visibility in excess of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), few clouds at 2,500 ft. Temporary between 13:00 and 20:00 Zulu Time winds from 290° at 20 knots (37 km/h), gusting to 40 knots (74 km/h), visibility 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in thundery showers, Broken clouds at 1,300 feet. Temporarily between 19:00 and 22:00 Zulu Time visibility 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) in rain, broken clouds at 1,400 ft.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Hradecky, Simon (17 December 2010). "Report: Crossair SB20 at Werneuchen on Jul 10th 2002, landed before runway and impacted earth wall". The Aviation Herald. http://avherald.com/h?article=434c6b66&opt=0. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 
8. ^ "Berlin storms kill seven". CNN. 12 July 2002. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/07/11/berlin.storm/index.html. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 
9. ^ ^{a b} "Bruchlandung in Werneuchen" (in German). Werneuchen. http://www.werneuchen.com/2002/2002-03-29-flugzeugcrash.htm. Retrieved 18 December 2010. 
10. ^ "Further update on the landing of SWISS flight LX 850". Hugin. 12 July 2002. http://www.huginonline.com/try/plsql/pressreleases.queryview?P_IDENTIFIER=866571&p_la=5. Retrieved 20 December 2010. 
11. ^ METAR for Tegel Airport, wind from 040° at 1 knot (1.9 km/h), Ceiling and Visibility OK, QNH 1002 HPa, current altimeter setting 29.59 in.Hg, falling to 998 HPa, 29.47 in.Hg, NO SIGnificant change expected.
12. ^ METAR for Tegel Airport. Wind variable at 1 knot (1.9 km/h), visibility in excess of 10 kilometres (5.4 nmi), few clouds at 400 ft, thunderstorm, scattered clouds at 1,200 ft, broken clouds at 2,600 ft, current altimeter setting 29.59 in.Hg, falling to 998 HPa, 29.47 in.Hg. Temporarily winds from 270° at 25 knots (46 km/h), gusting to 55 knots (102 km/h), visibility 2 kilometres (1.1 nmi) in thunder showers and rain, broken clouds at 900 ft, broken clouds at 1,500 ft including cumulonimbus. Occasional lightning and cumulonimbus clouds south west of the airport