Crepidula ustulatulina

Crepidula ustulatulina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily:	Calyptraeoidea
Family:	Calyptraeidae
Genus:	Crepidula
Species:	C. ustulatulina
Binomial name
Crepidula ustulatulina Collin, 2002[1]
Synonyms
Little Speckled Slipper Snail

Crepidula ustulatulina is a species of small sea snail, a slipper snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat snails.^[2]

This species occurs in the Western Atlantic Ocean.

Distribution

This recently-named species is known to occur in the Gulf of Mexico and the east coast of Florida.

Description

Crepidula ustulatulina can be distinguished from other species of Crepidula by the following suite of characters. The shell is small (usually less than 1.5 cm), smooth, and convex. It is often cream with distinct chestnut brown spots or streaks, sometimes it is brown overall with darker spots or streaks. The internal septum is flat and white, and the animal's left side usually extends somewhat farther forward than does the right side. The margin is straight or slightly bowed. There is an oval muscle scar just anterior to the shelf on the animal's right side. The small apex is usually directly posterior and is slightly rostrate in animals living on small snails but not in those from flat substrates. The external body color is light to dark gray with opaque white or cream on the tips of the tentacles and the lips. There are usually large yellow pigment splotches on the mantle, neck and sometimes foot, visible only in life.^[3][4]

The maximum recorded shell length is 13.2 mm.^[5] The shell is usually cream with brown mottling. The visible soft parts are mostly grey.

Habitat

Crepidula ustulatulina is common in the low intertidal and shallow subtidal, often on dead clam shells and on columbellids and cerithids in or near sea grass. Those living on large flat substrates are oval in shape but those on small snails have highly arched and often compressed on the left side.^[3][4] Minimum recorded depth is 0 m.^[5] Maximum recorded depth is 1 m.^[5]

Development

The large eggs (300-340 microns) produce direct developing embryos with a smooth shell, and an average length of 744 microns at hatching. The large embryonic velum is not absorbed prior to hatching and the embryo hatches as a swimming pediveliger. The non-feeding larvae settle within an hour of hatching. There are between 3 and 16 eggs in each capsule and the number of eggs per capsule increases with female size.^[3][4]

References

1. ^ Collin. 2002. Bulletin of Marine Science 70(1): 177-184. World Register of Marine Species, accessed 2010-06-02.
2. ^ Crepidula ustulatulina Collin, 2002. WoRMS (2009). Crepidula ustulatulina Collin, 2002. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=387736 on 2010-06-03.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Collin, Rachel (2001). "The effects of mode of development on phylogoegraphy and population structure of North Atlantic Crepidula (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae)". Molecular Ecology 10: 2249–2262. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01372.x. PMID 11555267. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Collin, Rachel (2002). "Another last word on Crepidula convexa and a description of C. ustulatulina sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Calyptraeidae) from the Gulf of Mexico.". Bulletin of Marine Science 70: 177–184. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} Welch J. J. (2010). "The “Island Rule” and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.

• Say, T. 1822. An account of the marine shells of the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2: 221-227.

External links

• Info from the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce website, a detailed report by the author of the species, R. Collin of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
• Malacolog info on this species
• http://stri.si.edu/sites/collinlab/tree_species/details.php?id=2
• C. ustulatulina in the Indian River Lagoon BioInventory