Trichoniscus pusillus

Trichoniscus pusillus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Isopoda
Family:	Trichoniscidae
Genus:	Trichoniscus
Species:	T. pusillus
Binomial name
Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt, 1833 [1]
Synonyms [2]
Itea laevis Philougria celer Spiloniscus elisabethae Trichoniscus caelebs Trichoniscus coelebs Trichoniscus elisabethae Trichoniscus rhenanus

Trichoniscus pusillus, sometimes called the common pygmy woodlouse, is one of the five most common species of woodlice in the British Isles. It is acknowledged to be the most abundant terrestrial isopod in Britain.^[3] It is found commonly across Europe north of the Alps, and has been introduced to Madeira, the Azores and North America.^[4]

Description

T. pusillus may be distinguished from other British woodlice chiefly by its small size, which reaches no more than 5 millimetres (0.2 in).^[5] Its body is elongate and quite rounded in cross section, and typically purplish.^[6] It may be separated from related species in North America by its eyes of three ocelli each, rather than the single ocellus in the eyes of its relative Hyloniscus riparius.^[7]

Reproduction

There are two distinct reproductive strategies within the species Trichoniscus pusillus. Many populations are, like most metazoans, bisexual and reproduce sexually; in other cases, females reproduce parthenogenetically, creating clones of themselves.^[8] The sexually reproducing form is diploid while the parthenogenetic form is triploid;^[8] since parthenogenesis always produces females, males are always diploid and can only be produced by sexual reproduction.

The frequency of males in the population decreases from south to north (a latitudinal cline) and in increasingly open habitats, with no males observed in most of Scotland and Scandinavia, but more than 15% males in the Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas.^[9]

The reproductive season lasts from March to September, and one to three breeding waves may be observed. Females are gravid for 4–5 weeks before releasing 4–18 mancae from the brood pouch.^[10]

Ecology

Like other woodlice, T. pusillus eats decaying plant matter of various kinds, although only alder litter is capable of sustaining a stable reproducing population.^[10]

Predators of T. pusillus include the common shrew Sorex araneus, lycosid and dysderid spiders, centipedes such as Lithobius variegatus and perhaps carabid beetles.^[11]

Trichoniscus pusillus is susceptible to infection by "Isopod Iridescence Virus", or Iridovirus (Iridoviridae). This is first apparent as a blue sheen on the unpigmented underside of the animals, but soon spreads to give the entire exoskeleton and bluish iridescence.^[12]

Classification

Several former subspecies of T. pusillus are now treated as separate species. These include Trichoniscus alticola, Trichoniscus baschierii, Trichoniscus provisorius, Trichoniscus noriucs and Trichoniscus pygmaeus.^[2]

See also

• List of woodlice of the British Isles

References

1. ^ "Trichoniscus pusillus Brandt, 1833". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=597420. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Helmut Schmalfuss (2003). "World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) — revised and updated version". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A 654: 341 pp. http://www.oniscidea-catalog.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/Cat_terr_isop.pdf. 
3. ^ J. Phillipson (1983). "Life cycle, numbers, biomass and respiratory metabolism of Trichoniscus pusillus (Crustacea, Isopoda) in a beech woodland — Wytham Woods, Oxford". Oecologia 57 (3): 339–343. doi:10.1007/BF00377178. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7lhq442l31324m3/. 
4. ^ E. Hornung. "List of the Hungarian Terrestrial Isopod Fauna". Szent István Egyetem Állatorvos-tudományi Kar. http://www.univet.hu/users/ehornung/land-isopods-of-hungary.html. 
5. ^ "Woodlouse Wizard: an identification key". Natural History Museum. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/woodlice/key.html. Retrieved November 8, 2010. 
6. ^ "Trichoniscus pusillus". Encyclopaedia Tiscali. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/wildlife/crustaceans_terrestrial_and_freshwater_crustaceans_-_trichoniscus_pusillus.html. Retrieved February 10, 2009. 
7. ^ Arnold W. Norden (2008). "The terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) of Plummers Island, Maryland". Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 15 (1): 41–43. doi:10.2988/0097-0298(2008)15[41:TTICIO]2.0.CO;2. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2988/0097-0298(2008)15%5B41%3ATTICIO%5D2.0.CO%3B2. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Bengt Christensen (1983). "Genetic variation in coexisting sexual diploid and parthenogenetic triploid Trichoniscus pusillus (Isopoda, Crustacea)". Hereditas 98 (2): 201–207. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1983.tb00594.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119540334/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. 
9. ^ Graham Bell (1982). The Masterpiece of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality. Cambridge University Press. pp. 635. ISBN 0856647535. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Guido Kautz, Martin Zimmer & Werner Topp (2000). "Responses of the parthenogenetic isopod, Trichoniscus pusillus (Isopoda: Oniscidea), to changes in food quality". Pedobiologia 44 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70029-3. 
11. ^ S. L. Sutton (1970). "Predation on woodlice; an investigation using the precipitin test". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 13 (3): 279–285. doi:10.1007/BF00334313. 
12. ^ H. Wijnhoven, M. P. Berg (1999). "Some notes on the distribution and ecology of Iridovirus (Iridovirus, Iridoviridae) in terrestrial isopods (Isopoda, Oniscidae)". Crustaceana 72 (2): 145–156. doi:10.1163/156854099503249. http://openurl.ingenta.com/content?genre=article&issn=0011-216X&volume=72&issue=2&spage=145&epage=156.