James Montgomery (colonel)

James Montgomery
James Montgomery, ca. 1858
Born	December 22, 1814 (1814-12-22) Austinburg, Ohio
Died	December 6, 1871 (1871-12-07) (aged 56) Linn County, Kansas
Place of burial	National Cemetery, Mound City, Kansas
Allegiance	United States of America
Years of service	1861–65
Rank	Colonel
Commands held	3rd Kansas Infantry 2nd South Carolina (African Descent) 6th Kansas State Militia
Battles/wars	American Civil War Sacking of Osceola Raid at Combahee Ferry Battle of Olustee Battle of Westport

James Montgomery (December 22, 1814 – December 6, 1871) was a Jayhawker during the Bleeding Kansas Affair and a controversial Union colonel during the American Civil War. Montgomery was a staunch abolitionist and used extreme measures against pro-slavery populations.

Early life and Bleeding Kansas

James Montgomery was born to James and Mary Baldwin Montgomery in Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio, on December 22, 1814.^[1] He migrated to Kentucky in 1837 with his parents and eventually taught school there. He married, but his first wife died shortly after the wedding, so he married again to Clarinda Evans.^[2] They moved to Pike County, Missouri, in 1852, and then to Jackson County and finally Bates County while awaiting the organization of Kansas for settlement.

In 1854 Montgomery purchased land near present day Mound City, Kansas, where he became a leader of local Free-state men and was a fervent abolitionist.^[3][4] In 1857 he organized and commanded a "Self-Protective Company", using it to order pro-slavery settlers out of the region. Conflict with other pro-slavery elements led territorial governor James W. Denver to dispatch U.S. Army soldiers in to restore order. Montgomery at times cooperated with the abolitionist John Brown and considered a raid to rescue Brown after his capture in Virginia, but snow in Pennsylvania upset his plan.^[5]

Civil War

On July 24, 1861, Montgomery was commissioned as colonel of the 3rd Kansas Infantry of U.S. Senator James H. Lane's Kansas brigade, with Montgomery as second-in-command of the brigade.^[6] Discipline was lacking under Montgomery, and both the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kansas would be consolidated into the 10th Kansas Infantry in April 1862.^[7] Lane's Kansas brigade was notorious for its Jayhawker-style raids into Missouri at the start of the war, particularly the Sacking of Osceola. Noted historian Albert Castel describes Montgomery as a "a sincere, if unscrupulous, antislavery zealot." ^[8]

Montgomery was authorized to raise a regiment of African-American infantry in January 1863 that would become the 2nd South Carolina (African Descent).^[9] Throughout 1863 and part of 1864, Montgomery practiced his brand of warfare in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

In June 1863, Colonel Montgomery commanded a brigade, including his own 2nd South Carolina and the 3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, in operations along the coast resembling his earlier Jayhawk raids. The most famous of his controversial operations was the Raid at Combahee Ferry in which 800 slaves were freed with the help of Harriett Tubman. Montgomery led a raid on the coastal town of Darien, Georgia, which he ordered looted and burned even though it was not defended and had not offered any resistance. Colonel Robert Gould Shaw condemned the action, and in a private letter gave Montgomery's reason for burning the town as "that the Southerners must be made to feel that this was a real war, and that they were to be swept away by the hand of God, like the Jews of old." Montgomery stated to Shaw, "We are outlawed, and therefore not bound by the rules of regular warfare." ^[10]

Montgomery commanded a brigade in the Battle of Olustee. In September 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to Kansas. He ended his military career as colonel of the 6th Kansas State Militia, active in October of that year during Confederate General Sterling Price's raid.^[11]

Postwar

After the war, Montgomery returned to his Linn County, Kansas, farm, where he died on December 6, 1871.^[12]

References

1. ^ Clan Montgomery Society International Genealogical Database
2. ^ Clan Montgomery Society International Genealogical Database
3. ^ Cutler, William G., History of the State of Kansas, A. T. Andreas, 1883, "The Era of Peace", Part 43
4. ^ Castel, Albert, Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind, University Press of Kansas, 1997, page 42
5. ^ Cutler, William G., History of the State of Kansas, A. T. Andreas, 1883, "The Era of Peace", Part 43
6. ^ Cutler, William G., History of the State of Kansas, A. T. Andreas, 1883, "The Era of Peace", Part 43
7. ^ Dyer, Frederick H., A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, Part 3, Dyer Publishing, 1908, page 1187
8. ^ "Kansas Jayhawking Raids into Western Missouri in 1861", Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 54 No. 1, October 1959
9. ^ The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume III, page 14
10. ^ Shaw's June 12 description in a letter to his wife, Annie.
11. ^ The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol 81, page 520
12. ^ Cutler, William G., History of the State of Kansas, A. T. Andreas, 1883, "The Era of Peace", Part 43

External links

• Shaw's letter about the burning of Darien
• Civil War St. Louis website, article about Jayhawking by Castel
• Col. James Montgomery from Cutler's History of the State of Kansas
• Clan Montgomery Society International Genealogical Database
• James Montgomery at the Battle of Olustee

Persondata
Name	Montgomery, James
Alternative names
Short description	Union Army officer
Date of birth	December 22, 1814
Place of birth	Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio
Date of death	December 6, 1871
Place of death	Linn County, Kansas