- Valley of the Kings (Tibet)
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Riwo Dechen monastery, Qonggyai, near the Valley of Kings
The Valley of the Kings or Chongye Valley branches off the Yarlung Valley to the southwest and contains a series of graveyard tumuli, approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) south of Tsetang, Tibet, near the town of Qonggyai on Mure Mountain in Qonggyai County of the Shannan Prefecture.
The site possesses eight large mounds of earth resembling natural hills that are believed to contain eight to ten buried Tibetan kings.[1]
"According to Tibetan tradition all the kings from Dri-gum onwards are buried at ‘Phyong-rgyas, but as the site now presents itself, there are just ten tumuli identifiable as the tombs of all the kings from Srong-brtsan-sgam-po to Khri-lde-srong-brtsan, including two princes . . . ."[2]
Other sources, however, have indicated that there are actually nine mounds rather than eight or ten.[3] The kings believed to be buried at the site include Songtsän Gampo (the founder of the Tibetan Empire), Nansong Mangsten, Tridu Songtsen, Gyangtsa Laban, Tride Tsugtsen, Trisong Detsen, Muni Tsangpo and Tritsu Detsen.[1][4]
Contents
Features
Two stone lion steles were erected at the front of the Valley of the Kings. Although one has been destroyed, the other is intact except for a broken leg.[3] The lion is 1.55 meters high and 1.3 meters in length and stands on a 0.76 meter (about 0.83 yards) pedestal.[3]
The largest of the mounds, located near the north bank of Qonggyai (Chonggye) River, has a reconstructed 13th century temple dedicated to Songtsän Gampo.[3][5] The temple was rebuilt with restored murals in 1983 and is maintained by three monks. Gampo's statue is situated in the centre of the temple's altar and is surrounded by statues of his Chinese wife, Wen Cheng, and his Nepalese wife, Tritsun, who is holding a crystal ball. Eminent ministers stand at the side, including Sambhota, a noted Tibetan philologist who is held to be the founder of Tibetan writing. Behind this altar statue display is a crowned Maitreya with two Sakyamunis and a mural on the right wall depicting Indian deities of the 8th century AD.[1]
Songtsän Gampo (centre) Princess Wencheng (right) and Bhrikuti Devi of Nepal (left)A number of scholars have raised doubts that this is the actual place where Gampo was laid to rest, given that it has not been formally excavated; others have speculated that he was actually interred in Jokhang, Lhasa.[1] According to the ancient Tibetan Annals and Tibetan tradition, however, his tomb is believed to be located deep beneath the ground in a central, subterranean chamber in a silver coffin, with nine smaller chambers filled with treasures.[1] According to funeral rites listed in the annals, on the left side was a suit of armour worn by Songtsan Gampo on expedition, and on the right side were knights and battle horses made of solid gold which had been sacrificed with the king. Other sources indicate that the Tibetan Annals document the inner part of the tomb as having five halls and a central tomb chamber that is about 100 square meters in area and 13.4 meters (about 44 feet) high.[3] Gampo's silver coffin is believed to be surrounded by his statues and ones of Sakyamuni and Avalokitesvara. Buried at the head of the coffin is a coral statue of Lord Loyak Gyalo, who is intended to give light to the dead king; at the foot of the coffin is a cache of pears weighing 35 kilograms, wrapped in silk, that symbolise Gampo’s share of wealth. The tomb is also believed to contain an extensive number of large gold and silver utensils, reliquary and commemorative artifacts.[3]
Another mound is for Tride Songtsen, who ruled Tibet from 798 to 815. The stele is 7.18 meters (about 23 feet) high and is inscribed with vivid carvings of floating clouds and flying celestials. The second stele is similar to the first, with only small differences depicted in the carvings.[3] The ancient Tibetan script at the site reveals that he was credited with great achievements during his reign.[3]
Further tombs
According to Tibetan history books such as the Grand Ceremonies of the Wise, Chronicle of Tibetan Kings and Officials, and Chronicles of Tibetan Kings and Clansmen, there were believed to be a total of 35 tombs of Tibetan Kings and concubines from the 29th Tuboking to the last, divided into groups, with each group centred in a separate area in the Valley of Kings.[6]
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Tibet:A Fascinating Look at the Roof of the World, Its People and Culture. Passport Books, Shangri-la Press, Chicago, USA. 1986. pp. 143–145.
- ^ Snellgrove and Richardson (1968), pp. 51-52.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The Graveyard of Tibetan Kings". Travel China Guide. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/tibet/shannan/tsetang/kings_tomb.htm. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ Stein (1972), pp. 201-202.
- ^ Dorje (1999), p. 204.
- ^ "Tombs of the Tibetan Kings". Tibet Travel. http://www.tibettravel.org/tibettravel/Html/2006324153026-1.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
References
- Dorje, Gyurme (1999). Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan. Footprint Handbooks, Bath, England. ISBN 0 8442-2190-2.
- Snellgrove, David L. and Richardson, Hugh. (1968) A Cultural History of Tibet. F. A. Praeger; 1st American edition.
- Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7.
Categories:- History of Tibet
- Cemeteries in China
- Mass graves
- Valleys of Tibet
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