Hoffmann's two-toed sloth

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth[1]
in Manuel Antonio National Park, Costa Rica
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Pilosa
Family:	Megalonychidae
Genus:	Choloepus
Species:	C. hoffmanni
Binomial name
Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, 1858
Hoffmann's two-toed sloth range

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) is a species of sloth from Central and South America. It is a solitary nocturnal and arboreal animal, found in mature and secondary rainforests and deciduous forests. The common name commemorates the German naturalist Karl Hoffmann.

Characteristics

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth is a heavily built animal with shaggy fur and slow, deliberate, movements. The forefeet have only two toes, each ending with long, curved claws, although there are three clawed toes on each of the hindfeet. Other features that distinguish it from three-toed sloths, which may be found in the same geographic areas, include the longer snout, the fact that the toes of the forefeet are separate, rather than being partially fused, and the absence of hair on the soles of the feet.^[3]

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth is, however, much easier to confuse with the related Linne's two-toed sloth, which it closely resembles. The primary physical differences between the two species related to subtle skeletal features; for example, Hoffmann's two-toed sloth has three foramina in the upper forward part of the interpterygoid space, rather than just two,^[3] and often - but not always - has fewer cervical vertebrae.^[4]

Adults range from 54 to 72 centimetres (21 to 28 in) in head-body length, and weigh anything from 2.1 to 9 kilograms (4.6 to 20 lb). Although they do have a stubby tail, just 1.5 to 3 centimetres (0.59 to 1.2 in) long, this is too short to be visible through the long fur. The claws range are 5 to 6.5 centimetres (2.0 to 2.6 in) long. Females are larger on average than males, although there is considerable overlap in size. Their fur is tan to light brown in colour, being lighter on the face, but usually has a greenish tinge because of the presence of algae living in the hairs.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth is found in the rainforest canopy in two separate regions of South America. One population is found from Nicaragua in the north to western Ecuador in the south, and the other in eastern Peru, western Brazil, and northern Bolivia.^[3] It inhabits tropical forests from sea level to 3,300 metres (10,800 ft).^[2]

Subspecies

There are five recognised subspecies^[3]:

• Choloepus hoffmanni hoffmanni, Peters, 1858 - Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
• Choloepus hoffmanni agustinus, Allen, 1913 - Venezuela, western Colombia, northern Ecuador
• Choloepus hoffmanni capitalis, Allen, 1913 - western Ecuador
• Choloepus hoffmanni juruanus, Lönnberg, 1942 - Brazil, Bolivia, extreme eastern Peru
• Choloepus hoffmanni pallescens, Lönnberg, 1928 - Peru

Behaviour

High in Monteverde canopy

Two-toed sloths spend most of their time in trees, though they may travel on the ground to move to a new tree. They are strictly nocturnal, moving slowly through the canopy for about eight hours each night, and spending the day sleeping in tangles of lianas. They move only very slowly, typically at around 0.14 metres per second (0.46 ft/s), although they can move up to 50% faster when excited. They are solitary in the wild, and, aside from mothers with young, it is unusual for two to be found in a tree at the same time.^[3]

The name "sloth" means "lazy," but the slow movements of this animal are actually an adaptation for surviving on a low-energy diet of leaves. These sloths have half the metabolic rate of a typical mammal of the same size. Sloths have very poor eyesight and hearing, and rely almost entirely on their senses of touch and smell to find food.^{[citation needed]}

This species often exhibits exaggerated wobbling of the head. Another trait of this sloth is that it often spits when the mouth opens. The saliva often accumulates on the lower lip, giving the creature a comical appearance.^{[citation needed]}

Two-toed sloths hang from tree branches, suspended by their huge, hook-like claws. The clinging behaviour is a reflex action, and sloths are found still hanging from trees after they die. The sloth spends almost its entire life, including eating, sleeping, mating, and giving birth, hanging upside down tree branches. The only time that sloths are normally found right side up is when they descend to the ground to defecate, which they only do about once every three to eight days.^[3]

Sloths have many predators, including the jaguars, ocelots,^[6] harpy eagles,^[7] margays, and anacondas.^[3] If threatened, sloths can defend themselves by slashing out at a predator with their huge claws or biting with their sharp cheek teeth. However, a sloth's main defense is to avoid being attacked in the first place. The two-toed sloth can survive wounds that would be fatal to another mammal its size. The sloth's slow, deliberate movements and algae-covered fur make them difficult for predators to spot from a distance. Their treetop home is also out of reach for many larger predators.^{[citation needed]}

Their long, coarse fur also protects them from sun and rain. Their fur, unlike other mammals, flows from belly to top, not top to belly, allowing rainwater to slide off the fur while the animal is hanging upside down.^{[citation needed]}

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth inhabits a range of different trees within its habitat, although it seems to prefer those with plentiful lianas and direct sunlight. They have a typical home range of about 2 to 4 hectares (4.9 to 9.9 acres), and may spend most of their lives travelling between just 25 or so trees.^[3]

Life history

Young sloth being raised in a wildlife rescue center on the Gulf of Dulce, Costa Rica.

In the wild, there are about 11 times more female two-toed sloths than male two-toed sloths.^{[citation needed]}

Courtship consists of the female licking the male's face and rubbing their genitals against the male's body. Gestation lasts between 355 and 377 days, and results in the birth of a single young. Newborn sloths weigh 340 to 454 grams (12 to 16.0 oz), and are precocial, already possessing long claws and able to cling to the mother's underside. They begin to take solid food at 15 to 27 days, and are fully weaned by nine weeks.^[8] Although relatively quiet as adults, young sloths make loud bleating alarm calls if separated from their mother.^[3]

Hoffmann's two-toed sloths reach sexual maturity at two to four years of age^[8] and have been reported to live up to 32 years in captivity.^[3]

Diet

Though two-toed sloths also eat fruits and flowers, most of their diet consists of tree leaves. They use their lips to tear off their food and chew with their peg-like teeth which have no enamel and are always growing. Although they are not true ruminants, sloths have a three-chambered stomach. The first two chambers hold symbiotic bacteria to help them digest the cellulose in their fibre-rich diet, while only the third chamber contains digestive glands typical of the stomachs of most other mammals.^[3] It may take a sloth up to a month to completely digest a meal, and up to two thirds of a sloth's weight may be due to the leaves in its digestive system.^{[citation needed]}

Conservation status

Suspended from a branch

Habitat destruction is probably causing a decrease in the wild Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth population, but there is little reliable data on the number of wild individuals. Sloths and people have little contact with one another in the wild.

References

1. ^ Gardner, Alfred (16 November 2005). Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). pp. 101. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=11800019. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Meritt, M. & Members of the IUCN SSC Edentate Specialist Group (2008). Choloepus hoffmanni. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 1 December 2008.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Hayssen, V. (2011). "Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 37–55. doi:10.1644/873.1. 
4. ^ Maslin, A. et al. (2007). "Morphological and molecular analysis of vertebral variants in the two-toed sloths Choloepus hoffmanni and Choloepus didactylus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3): 113A. JSTOR 30126393. 
5. ^ Gilmore, D.P. et al. (2001). "Sloth biology: an update on their physiological ecology, behaviour and role as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses.". Brazilian Journal of Medical Biological Research 34 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2001000100002. PMID 11151024. 
6. ^ Moreno, R.S., et al. (2006). "Competitive release in diets of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and puma (Puma concolor) after jaguar (Panthera onca) decline". Journal of Mammalogy 87 (4): 808–816. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-360R2.1. 
7. ^ Touchton, J.M., et al. (2002). "Foraging ecology of reintroduced captive-bred subadult harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama". Ornitologica Neotropical 13 (4): 365–379. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/ON/v013n04/p0365-p0380.pdf. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Taube, E. et al. (2001). "Reproductive biology and postnatal development in sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus: review with original data from the field (French Guiana) and from captivity". Mammal Review 31 (3-4): 173–188. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2001.00085.x. 

• Louise H. Emmons and Francois Feer, 1997 - Neotropical Rainforest Mammals, A Field Guide.