Chancellor of The College of William & Mary

The chancellor of the College of William & Mary is the ceremonial head of the college, chosen by the university's Board of Visitors. The office was created by the college's Royal Charter and Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was named in the Charter as the college's first chancellor.^[1] The most recent chancellor is former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Sandra Day O'Connor. Robert Gates will assume the office in February 2012.^[2]

Colonial period

The college's charter, granted in 1693 by King William III and Queen Mary II, provided for the office of chancellor, and during the colonial period the chancellor served as the college's representative to the British Crown and the British government. Many of the pre-Revolutionary War chancellors were either Bishops of London or Archbishops of Canterbury and served as a link between the college and the government in London.^[3] They would also help recruit faculty to come to Virginia and teach at the college. However, none of these chancellors ever set foot in Williamsburg.^[3]

With the outbreak of the Revolutionary War and the Declaration of Independence, the ties between the College of William & Mary and England were severed, leaving the position of chancellor vacant until 1788. Other ties with England, such as the money from the Brafferton Estate which funded the Indian School, were also severed.

Post-independence

Thomas Jefferson wished to alter the office of the chancellor after the American Revolution. In 1776, Jefferson proposed a system that included three chancellors, elected from the leading men of Virginia and who would have the power to remove faculty, in place of a single chancellor.^[3] His reforms did not pass, and the office of chancellor remained vacant until 1788.

George Washington served as the next chancellor, an office he held from 1788 until his death in 1799. Washington was asked because the president of the college, Bishop James Madison, thought that the heritage of the position required a national figure to occupy it.^[3] The office again remained vacant until another President of the United States, John Tyler, was appointed as chancellor, serving from 1859 until 1862. Tyler was an alumnus of the college and one of his relatives, Lyon Gardiner Tyler, would later serve as its president.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the office of chancellor was intermittently occupied. People such as Hugh Blair Grigsby, John Stewart Bryan, and Colgate Darden served as chancellor and ended their terms without a direct successor.^[4]

For two years, Alvin Duke Chandler was a very different kind of chancellor. From 1960 to 1962, Chandler presided over The Colleges of William & Mary, a five campus system that included William & Mary, the Richmond Professional Institute, the Norfolk Division of the College of William & Mary, Christopher Newport College, and Richard Bland College. When the system was disbanded in 1962, Chandler became the honorary chancellor until 1974.^[3]

After a 12 year vacancy, Warren Burger was chosen to be the twentieth chancellor of the College of William & Mary in 1986.^[5] Burger had numerous associations with Williamsburg and William & Mary, receiving an honorary degree and delivering the commencement address in 1973, speaking at Law Day in 1979, and helping to found the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg in 1976.^[6] The personal and professional papers of Chief Justice Burger are held by the Special Collections Research Center and will be open to the public in 2026.^[7]

After the retirement of Warren Burger, the office has been filled consistently by Margaret Thatcher, Henry Kissinger, and Sandra Day O'Connor. Former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates will take over the position in February 2012.

Functions

The chancellor serves as the ceremonial head of the college and is elected by the Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary. The Board of Visitors, led by the rector of the college, determines university policy, levys tuition, and appoints a president of the college to serve as chief executive officer and manage the day-to-day affairs of the university. The chancellor is present for major campus events, including commencement and Charter Day, celebrated every February on the anniversary of the college's founding by King William and Queen Mary. During major ceremonies, the chancellor wears the robe, badge, and chain of office.

List of chancellors

Colonial-era # Name Years Reference 1 Compton, HenryHenry Compton 1693–1700 [8] 2 Tenison, ThomasThomas Tenison 1700–1707 [8] 3 Compton, HenryHenry Compton 1707–1713 [8] 4 Robinson, JohnJohn Robinson 1714–1721 [8] 5 Wake, WilliamWilliam Wake 1721–1729 [8] 6 Gibson, EdmundEdmund Gibson 1729–1736 [8] 7 Wake, WilliamWilliam Wake 1736–1737 [8] 8 Gibson, EdmundEdmund Gibson 1737–1748 [8] 9 Sherlock, ThomasThomas Sherlock 1749–1761 [8] 10 Hayter, ThomasThomas Hayter 1762 [8] 11 Wyndham, CharlesCharles Wyndham 1762–1763 [8] 12 York, PhilipPhilip York 1764 [8] 13 Terrick, RichardRichard Terrick 1764–1776 [8]

Post-colonial era # Name Years Reference 1 Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington 1788–1799 [4] 2 Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler 1859–1862 [4] 3 Grigsby, Hugh BlairHugh Blair Grigsby 1871–1881 [4] 4 Bryan, John StewartJohn Stewart Bryan 1942–1944 [4] 5 Darden, ColgateColgate Darden 1946–1947 [4] 6 Chandler, Alvin DukeAlvin Duke Chandler 1962–1974 [4] 7 Burger, Warren E.Warren E. Burger 1986–1993 [4] 8 Thatcher, MargaretMargaret Thatcher 1993–2000 [4] 9 Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger 2000–2005 [4] 10 O'Connor, Sandra DaySandra Day O'Connor 2005–2012 [4] 11 Gates, Robert M.Robert M. Gates 2012– [9]

References

1. ^ Morpurgo, J.E. (1976). Their Majesties' Royall Colledge: William and Mary in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Hennage Creative Printers. ISBN 0-916504-02-6. 
2. ^ Whitson, Brian. "Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates ’65 to Serve as W&M Chancellor". College of William & Mary. http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2011/former-defense-secretary-robert-gates-65-to-serve-as-wm-chancellor-123.php. Retrieved 6 September 2011. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Godson, et. al. (1993). The College of William and Mary: A History. King and Queen Press. ISBN 0-9615670-4-X. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} "William & Mary – Post-Colonial Era Chancellors". The College of William & Mary. http://www.wm.edu/about/administration/chancellor/postcolonial/index.php. Retrieved September 6, 2011. 
5. ^ "Duties and History". College of William & Mary. http://www.wm.edu/about/administration/chancellor/duties/index.php. Retrieved 6 September 2011. 
6. ^ "Burger Installed as Chancellor at Charter Day". Alumni Gazette: 1. March 1987. 
7. ^ "Warren Burger Collection". Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William & Mary. https://swem.wm.edu/research/special-collections/warren-burger-collection. Retrieved 6 September 2011. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} "Wiliam & Mary – Colonial-Era Chancellors". The College of William & Mary. http://www.wm.edu/about/administration/chancellor/colonial/index.php. Retrieved January 26, 2011. 
9. ^ Whitson, Brian. "Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates ’65 to Serve as W&M Chancellor". College of William & Mary. http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2011/former-defense-secretary-robert-gates-65-to-serve-as-wm-chancellor-123.php. Retrieved 6 September 2011.