Microbiome

Microbiome
Depiction of the human body and bacteria that predominate

A microbiome is the totality of microbes, their genetic elements (genomes), and environmental interactions in a defined environment. A defined environment could, for example, be the gut of a human being or a soil sample. Thus, microbiome usually includes microbiota and their complete genetic elements. The human microbiome contains over 10 times more microbes than genetically human cells.[1]

The expression "microbiome" was coined by Joshua Lederberg. In his opinion, the microorganisms should be included as part of the human genome, because of their influence on human physiology.

An enterotype is a classification of living organisms based on its bacteriological ecosystem in the human gut microbiome. Three human enterotypes have been discovered.[2][3]

Notes

  1. ^ Zimmer, Carl (13 July 2010). "How Microbes Defend and Define Us". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13micro.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 
  2. ^ Zimmer, Carl (April 20, 2011). "Bacteria Divide People Into 3 Types, Scientists Say". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/21/science/21gut.html. Retrieved April 21, 2011. "a group of scientists now report just three distinct ecosystems in the guts of people they have studied." 
  3. ^ Arumugam, Manimozhiyan; et al (March 2010). "Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome". Nature 473 (7346): 174–80. doi:10.1038/nature09944. PMID 21508958. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09944.html. "Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific." 

See also

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Microbiome — Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : « Microbiome », sur le Wiktionnaire (dictionnaire universel) Le microbiome (du grec micro = petit et bios = vie) est l « aire biotique » (aire de vie) du microbiote, le mot microbiote… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • microbiome — noun A microbial biome, such as the community of microbes within the human gut …   Wiktionary

  • Human microbiome project — The Human microbiome project (HMP) is a National Institutes of Health initiative with the goal of identifying and characterizing the microorganisms which are found in association with both healthy and diseased humans. It is a five year project,… …   Wikipedia

  • Human microbiome — The human microbiome (or human microbiota) is the assemblage of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts. They include bacteria,… …   Wikipedia

  • Metagenomics — is the study of metagenomes, genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics. Traditional microbiology and microbial genome… …   Wikipedia

  • Gut flora — Escherichia coli, one of the many species of bacteria present in the human gut Gut flora consists of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of animals and is the largest reservoir of human flora. In this context, gut is synonymous with… …   Wikipedia

  • Human skin — Skin epidermis (A), dermis (B), and subcutis (C), showing a hair follicle (1), sweat gland (11) sebaceous gland (7) Latin cutis …   Wikipedia

  • Skin flora — Depiction of the human body and bacteria that predominate The skin flora are the microorganisms which reside on the skin. Most research has been upon those that reside upon the 2 square metres of human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which… …   Wikipedia

  • Projet de séquençage de génome — Les projets de séquençage de génome sont des projets scientifiques qui ont pour but d obtenir les séquences complètes des génomes de différents organismes: bactéries, plantes, champignons, animaux, et humain. Ce travail nécessite la séquence de l …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Séquençage des génomes — Projet de séquençage de génome Les projets de séquençage de génome sont des projets scientifiques qui ont pour but d obtenir les séquences complètes des génomes de différents organismes: bactéries, plantes, champignons, animaux, et humain. Ce… …   Wikipédia en Français

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”