Delphine LaLaurie

Delphine LaLaurie
Born	Marie Delphine Macarty c. 1775 Louisiana
Died	Unknown but thought to be December 7, 1842 Paris, France
Other names	Madame LaLaurie
Known for	Involvement in the torture and death of black slaves in 1834
Spouse	Don Ramon de Lopez y Angullo (married 1800 – died 1804) Jean Blanque (married 1808 – died 1816) Dr. Leonard Louis Nicolas LaLaurie (married 1825)

The LaLaurie Mansion, from a 1906 postcard

Marie Delphine LaLaurie (née Macarty or Maccarthy, c. 1775 – c. 1842), more commonly known as Madame LaLaurie, was a Louisiana-born socialite, known for her involvement in the torture of black slaves.

Born in New Orleans, LaLaurie married three times over the course of her life. She maintained a prominent position in the social circles of New Orleans until April 10, 1834, when rescuers responding to a fire at her Royal Street mansion discovered bound slaves within the house who showed evidence of torture over a long period. LaLaurie's house was subsequently sacked by an outraged mob of New Orleans citizens, and it is thought that she fled to Paris, where she died.

The tale of the LaLaurie slaves has been repeated and embellished by a succession of authors and today plays a prominent part in the folklore and ghost stories of New Orleans. As of 2011, the Royal Street mansion where LaLaurie lived is still standing and is a prominent New Orleans landmark.

Early life

Delphine Macarty was born around 1775, one of five children. Her father was Barthelmy Louis Macarty, whose father Barthelmy Macarty brought the family to New Orleans from Ireland around 1730.^[1] Her mother was Marie Jeanne Lovable,^[2] also known as "the widow Lecomte," whose marriage to Barthelmy Louis Macarty was her second.^[1] Both were prominent members of the New Orleans white Créole community.^[2] Delphine's cousin, Augustin de Macarty, was mayor of New Orleans from 1815 to 1820.^[3]

On June 11, 1800, Delphine Macarty married Don Ramon de Lopez y Angullo, a Caballero de la Royal de Carlos (a high ranking Spanish officer),^[2][4] at the Saint Louis Cathedral in New Orleans.^[2] By 1804, Don Ramon had risen to the position of consul general for Spain in Louisiana.^[2] Also in 1804, Delphine and Don Ramon traveled to Spain.^[2] Accounts of the trip differ. Grace King wrote in 1921 that the trip was Don Ramon's "military punishment", and that Delphine met the Queen, who was impressed by Delphine's beauty.^[5] Stanley Arthur's 1936 report differed; he stated that on March 26, 1804, Don Ramon was recalled to the court of Spain "to take his place at court as befitting his new position", but that Ramon never arrived in Spain because he died in Havana en route to Madrid.^[2]

During the voyage, Delphine gave birth to a daughter, named Marie Borgia Delphine Lopez y Angulla de la Candelaria, nicknamed "Borquita".^[2][5] Delphine and her daughter returned to New Orleans afterwards.

In June 1808, Delphine married Jean Blanque, a prominent banker, merchant, lawyer and legislator.^[2] At the time of the marriage, Blanque purchased a house at 409 Royal Street in New Orleans for the family, which became known later as the Villa Blanque.^[2] Delphine had four more children by Blanque, named Marie Louise Pauline, Louise Marie Laure, Marie Louise Jeanne, and Jeanne Pierre Paulin Blanque.^[2]

Blanque died in 1816.^[6] Delphine married her third husband, physician Leonard Louis Nicolas LaLaurie, who was much younger than she,^[7] on June 25, 1825.^[6] In 1831, she bought property at 1140 Royal Street,^[8] which she managed in her own name with little involvement of her husband,^[7] and by 1832 had built a three-story mansion there,^[6] complete with attached slave quarters. She lived there with her husband and two of her daughters,^[7] and maintained a central position in the social circles of New Orleans.

1834 fire

An artist's depiction of the entryway to 1140 Royal Street, c. 1888

The LaLauries, in the style of their social class at the time, maintained several black slaves in slave quarters attached to the Royal Street mansion. Accounts of Delphine LaLaurie's treatments of her slaves between 1831 and 1834 are mixed. Harriet Martineau, writing in 1838 and recounting tales told to her by New Orleans residents during her 1836 visit, claimed LaLaurie's slaves were observed to be "singularly haggard and wretched"; however, in public appearances LaLaurie was seen to be generally polite to blacks and solicitous of her slaves' health,^[7] and court records of the time showed that LaLaurie emancipated two of her own slaves (a Jean Louis in 1819 and a Devince in 1832).^[9] Nevertheless, Martineau reported that public rumors about LaLaurie's mistreatment of her slaves were sufficiently widespread that a local lawyer was dispatched to Royal Street to remind LaLaurie of the laws relevant to the upkeep of slaves. During this visit the lawyer found no evidence of wrongdoing or mistreatment of slaves by LaLaurie.^[10]

Martineau also recounted other tales of LaLaurie's cruelty that were current among New Orleans residents in about 1836. She claimed that, subsequent to the visit of the local lawyer, one of LaLaurie's neighbors saw a young negro girl fall to her death from the roof of the Royal Street mansion while trying to avoid punishment from a whip-wielding Delphine LaLaurie. The body of the girl was subsequently buried on the mansion grounds. According to Martineau, this incident led to an investigation of the LaLauries, in which they were found guilty of illegal cruelty and forced to forfeit nine slaves. These nine slaves were then bought back by the LaLauries through the intermediary of one of their relatives, and returned to the Royal Street residences.^[11] Similarly, Martineau reported stories that LaLaurie kept her cook chained to the kitchen stove, and beat her daughters when they attempted to feed the slaves.^[12]

On April 10, 1834, a fire broke out in the LaLaurie residence on Royal Street. As reported in the New Orleans Bee of April 11, 1834, bystanders responding to the fire attempted to enter the slave quarters to ensure that everyone had been evacuated. Upon being refused the keys by the LaLauries, the bystanders broke down the doors to the slave quarters and found "seven slaves, more or less horribly mutilated ... suspended by the neck, with their limbs apparently stretched and torn from one extremity to the other", who claimed to have been imprisoned there for some months.^[13]

One of those who entered the premises was Judge Jean-Francois Canonge, who subsequently deposed to having found in the LaLaurie mansion, among others, a "negress ... wearing an iron collar" and "an old negro woman who had received a very deep wound on her head [who was] too weak to be able to walk". Canonge claimed that when he questioned Madame LaLaurie's husband about the slaves, he was told "in an insolent manner that some people had better stay at home rather than come to others' houses to dictate laws and meddle with other people's business".^[14]

A version of this story circulating in 1836, recounted by Martineau, claimed that the fire was started deliberately by LaLaurie's cook to draw attention to the plight of the slaves, and added that the slaves were emaciated, showed signs of being flayed with a whip, were bound in restrictive postures, and wore spiked iron collars which kept their heads in static positions.^[12]

When the discovery of the tortured slaves became widely known, a mob of local citizens attacked the LaLaurie residence and "demolished and destroyed everything upon which they could lay their hands".^[13] A sheriff and his officers were required to disperse the crowd and, by the time the mob left, the Royal Street property had sustained major damage, with "scarcely any thing [remaining] but the walls".^[15] The tortured slaves were taken to a local jail, where they were available for public viewing. The New Orleans Bee reported that by April 12 up to 4,000 people had attended to view the tortured slaves "to convince themselves of their sufferings".^[15]

The Pittsfield Sun, citing the New Orleans Advertiser and writing several weeks after the evacuation of Lalaurie's slave quarters, claimed that two of the slaves found in the LaLaurie mansion had died since their rescue, and added: "We understand ... that in digging the yard, bodies have been disinterred, and the condemned well [in the grounds of the mansion] having been uncovered, others, particularly that of a child, were found."^[16] These claims were repeated by Martineau in her 1838 book Retrospect of Western Travel, where she placed the number of unearthed bodies at two, including the child.^[12]

Late life and death

Copper plate found in Saint Louis Cemetery #1, which claims that LaLaurie died in Paris in 1842

LaLaurie's life after the 1834 fire is not well documented. Martineau wrote in 1838 that LaLaurie fled New Orleans during the mob violence that followed the fire, taking a coach to the waterfront and travelling by schooner from there to Mobile, Alabama and then on to Paris.^[17] Certainly by the time Martineau personally visited the Royal Street mansion in 1836 it was still unoccupied and badly damaged, with "gaping windows and empty walls".^[18]

The circumstances of Delphine LaLaurie's death are also unclear. George Washington Cable recounted in 1888 a then-popular but unsubstantiated story that LaLaurie had died in France in a boar-hunting accident.^[19] Whatever the truth, in the late 1930s, Eugene Backes, who served as sexton to St. Louis Cemetery #1 until 1924, discovered an old cracked, copper plate in Alley 4 of the cemetery. The inscription on the plate read: "Madame LaLaurie, née Marie Delphine Macarty, décédée à Paris, le 7 Décembre, 1842, à l'âge de 6--."^[20]

LaLaurie in folklore

Folk histories of LaLaurie's poor treatment of her slaves circulated in Louisiana during the nineteenth century, and were reprinted in collections of stories by Henry Castellanos^[21] and George Washington Cable.^[22] Cable's account (not to be confused with his unrelated 1881 novel Madame Delphine) was based on contemporary stories in newspapers such as the New Orleans Bee and the Advertiser, and upon Martineau's 1838 account, Retrospect of Western Travel, but mixed in some synthesis, dialogue and supposition entirely of his own creation.^[22]

After 1945, stories of the LaLaurie slaves became considerably more explicit. Jeanne deLavigne, writing in Ghost Stories of Old New Orleans (1946), alleged that LaLaurie had a "sadistic appetite [that] seemed never appeased until she had inflicted on one or more of her black servitors some hideous form of torture" and claimed that those who responded to the 1834 fire had found "male slaves, stark naked, chained to the wall, their eyes gouged out, their fingernails pulled off by the roots; others had their joints skinned and festering, great holes in their buttocks where the flesh had been sliced away, their ears hanging by shreds, their lips sewn together ... Intestines were pulled out and knotted around naked waists. There were holes in skulls, where a rough stick had been inserted to stir the brains."^[23] DeLavigne did not directly cite any sources for these claims, and they were not supported by the primary sources.

The story was further popularised and embellished in Journey Into Darkness: Ghosts and Vampires of New Orleans (1998) by Kalila Katherina Smith, the operator of a New Orleans ghost tour business. Smith's book added several more explicit details to the discoveries allegedly made by rescuers during the 1834 fire, including a "victim [who] obviously had her arms amputated and her skin peeled off in a circular pattern, making her look like a human caterpillar," and another who had had her limbs broken and reset "at odd angles so she resembled a human crab".^[24] Many of the new details in Smith's book were unsourced, while others were not supported by the sources given.

Today, modern retellings of the LaLaurie myth often use deLavigne and Smith's versions of the tale to found claims of explicit tortures, and to place the number of slaves who died under LaLaurie's care at as many as one hundred.^[25][26]

LaLaurie Mansion

The LaLaurie Mansion at 1140 Royal Street, photographed September 2009

The New Orleans house occupied by Delphine LaLaurie at the time of the 1834 fires stands today at 1140 Royal Street, on the corner of Royal Street and Governor Nicholls Street (formerly known as Hospital Street). At three stories high, it was described in 1928 as "the highest building for squares around", with the result that "from the cupola on the roof one may look out over the Vieux Carré and see the Mississippi in its crescent before Jackson Square".^[27] The entrance to the building bears iron grillwork, and the door is carved with an image of "Phoebus in his chariot, and with wreaths of flowers and depending garlands in bas-relief".^[27] Inside, the vestibule is floored in black and white marble, and a curved mahogany-railed staircase runs the full three storeys of the building. The second floor holds three large drawing-rooms connected by ornamented sliding doors, whose walls are decorated with plaster rosettes, carved woodwork, black marble mantlepieces and fluted pilasters.^[27]

Subsequent to LaLaurie's departure from America, the house remained ruined at least until 1836,^[18] but at some point prior to 1888 it was "unrecognisably restored",^[28] and over the following decades was used as a public high school, a conservatory of music, a tenement, a refuge for young delinquents, a bar, a furniture store, and a luxury apartment building.^[29]

In April 2007, actor Nicolas Cage bought the LaLaurie House through Hancock Park Real Estate Company LLC for a sum of $3.45 million.^[29] The mortgage documents were arranged in such a way that Cage's name did not appear on them.^[30] On November 13, 2009 the property, then valued at $3.5 million, was listed for auction as a result of bank foreclosure and purchased by Regions Financial Corporation for $2.3 million.^[30]

See also

• Elizabeth Bathory
• La Quintrala
• Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} King (1921), pp. 368–373.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Arthur (1936), p. 148.
3. ^ King (1921), p. 373.
4. ^ King (1921), p. 359.
5. ^ ^{a b} King (1921), pp. 359–360.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Arthur (1936), p. 149.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Martineau (1838), p. 137.
8. ^ Cable (1888), p. 200.
9. ^ Orleans Parish Court, Index to Slave Emancipation Petititions, 1814–1843, City Archives and Special Collections, New Orleans Public Library.
10. ^ Martineau (1838), p. 138.
11. ^ Martineau (1838), pp. 138–139.
12. ^ ^{a b c} Martineau (1838), pp. 139.
13. ^ ^{a b} New Orleans Bee (April 11, 1834).
14. ^ As quoted by Castellanos (1895), pp. 58–59.
15. ^ ^{a b} New Orleans Bee (April 12, 1834).
16. ^ Pittsfield Sun (May 8, 1834).
17. ^ Martineau (1838), pp. 141–142.
18. ^ ^{a b} Martineau (1838), p. 142.
19. ^ Cable (1888), p. 217.
20. ^ Times-Picayune (January 28, 1941).
21. ^ Castellanos (1895), pp. 52–62.
22. ^ ^{a b} Cable (1888), pp. 200–219.
23. ^ DeLavigne (1946), pp. 256–257.
24. ^ Smith (1998), p. 19.
25. ^ Quazen (April 8, 2010)
26. ^ Taylor (2000).
27. ^ ^{a b c} Saxon (1928), p. 203.
28. ^ Cable (1888), p. 192.
29. ^ ^{a b} Big Time Listings (April 24, 2007).
30. ^ ^{a b} CNN Money (November 16, 2009).

References

Books

• Arthur, Stanley Clisby (1936). Old New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carré, Its Ancient and Historical Buildings. New Orleans, LA: Harmanson. OCLC 19380621. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Fzeevi01QmIC&dq=delphine+macarty&source=gbs_navlinks_s. 
• Cable, George Washington (1888). Strange True Stories of Louisiana. New York: The Century Co. ISBN 0559094922. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12577/12577-h/12577-h.htm#pg192. 
• Castellanos, Henry C; Kelleher Schafer, Judith; Reinecke, George F (1895). New Orleans as it was: episodes of Louisiana life. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807132098. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=aF4HM54IqYMC&dq=New+Orleans+as+it+was&source=gbs_navlinks_s. 
• de Bachellé Seebold, Herman Boehm (1941). Old Louisiana Plantation Homes and Family Trees. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. ISBN 1589802632. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QLgVo2LaPUkC&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=Barthelmy+Louis+Macarty&source=bl&ots=GC_66sh6rX&sig=Al74yxODnF_ySGuZxzlyszXQccU&hl=en&ei=GaDtTKL6HYK6vwPVibnZAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Barthelmy%20Louis%20Macarty&f=false. 
• DeLavigne, Jeanne (1946). Ghost Stories of Old New Orleans. New York; Toronto: Rinehart & Co. OCLC 5128595. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RkRCAAAAIAAJ&q=Ghost+Stories+of+Old+New+Orleans&dq=Ghost+Stories+of+Old+New+Orleans&hl=en&ei=96cGTf22BsWHcZSptM0E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA. 
• King, Grace Elizabeth (1921). Creole Families of New Orleans. New York: MacMillan & Co. ISBN 0-87511-142-4. OL13489529M. 
• Martineau, Harriet (1838). Retrospect of Western Travel. 2. London: Saunders & Otley. OCLC 80223671. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Po_qzUgr_80C&pg=PA1&dq=retrospect+of+western+travel+volume+2&hl=en&ei=mVwlTcr0JcbCcenK5MAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Saxon, Lyle (1928). Fabulous New Orleans. New York, London: The Century Co. OCLC 421892. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=aO5ObIGBsIEC&pg=PA204&dq=%22Louis+LaLaurie%22&hl=en&ei=mp8FTe-7MI7Bcb-t0c0E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Louis%20LaLaurie%22&f=false. 
• Smith, Kalila Katherina (1998). Haunted History Tours presents... Journey Into Darkness: Ghosts & Vampires of New Orleans. New Orleans, LA: De Simonin Publications. ISBN 1-883100-04-6. http://www.worldcat.org/title/haunted-history-tours-presents-journey-into-darkness-ghosts-vampires-of-new-orleans/oclc/43305415&referer=brief_results. 

Academic papers

• Morlas, Katy Francis (2005). La Madame Et La Mademoiselle: Creole Women In Louisiana, 1718–1865 (Master of Arts thesis). Louisiana State University. http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04042005-171447/unrestricted/Morlas_thesis.pdf. 
• Baker, Courtney R (2008). Misrecognized: Looking at Images of Black Suffering and Death (PhD thesis). Duke University. http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/707. 

Periodicals

• "The conflagration at the house occupied by the woman Lalaurie...". New Orleans Bee. April 11, 1834. http://nobee.jefferson.lib.la.us/Vol-009/04_1834/1834_04_0034.pdf.  – The relevant text appears at the top-left of the linked scan. A transcript of this article can be found here for ease of reading.
• "The popular fury which we briefly adverted to in our paper of yesterday...". New Orleans Bee. April 12, 1834. http://nobee.jefferson.lib.la.us/Vol-009/04_1834/1834_04_0038.pdf.  – The relevant text appears at the top-left of the linked scan. A transcript of this article can be found here for ease of reading.
• Pittsfield Sun. May 8, 1834. 
• "Epitaph-Plate of 'Haunted' House Owner Found Here". Times-Picayune. January 28, 1941.  – A transcript of this article can be found here for ease of reading.

Web content

• Goldsborough, Bob (April 24, 2007). "Nicolas Cage buys house in New Orleans' French quarter for $3,450,000". Big Time Listings. Celebrity Real Estate Homes Big Time Listings. http://www.bergproperties.com/blog/nicolas-cage-buys-house-in-new-orleans-french-quarter-for-3450000/. Retrieved November 26, 2010. 
• Seabrook, Kim (April 8, 2010). "Delphine LaLaurie: American Gothic, A Guignol Horror (quazen.com/reference/biography/delphine-lalaurie-american-gothic-a-guignol-horror/)". Quazen. Quazen. 
• Taylor, Troy (2000). "The Legacy of Madame Delphine LaLaurie". Denise's Dreams. Strange Nation. http://lalaurie.denisesdreams.com/. Retrieved January 10, 2011. 
• Yousuf, Hibah (November 16, 2009). "Nicolas Cage loses 2 homes in foreclosure auction". CNNMoney.com. Cable News Network. http://money.cnn.com/2009/11/13/real_estate/Nicolas_Cage/. Retrieved December 30, 2010.