SS Kentuckian

SS "Kentuckian" was a cargo ship built in 1910 for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. During World War I she was known as USAT "Kentuckian" in service for the United States Army and USS "Kentuckian" (ID-1544) in service for the United States Navy. After her Navy career, she reverted to her original name of SS "Kentuckian".

She was built by the Maryland Steel Company as first of three ships ordered by the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, and was employed in inter-coastal service via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Panama Canal after it opened. In World War I, USAT "Kentuckian" carried cargo and animals to France under charter to the U.S. Army. When transferred to the U.S. Navy in December 1918, a month after the Armistice, USS "Kentuckian" was converted to a troop transport and returned almost 8,900 American troops from France. Returned to American-Hawaiian in 1919, "Kentuckian" resumed inter-coastal cargo service.

Shortly before World War II, "Kentuckian" was requisitioned by the War Shipping Administration and sailed between Trinidad and African ports, between New York and Caribbean ports, and in transatlantic convoys through mid 1944. In mid-July 1944, the ship was scuttled as part of the breakwater for one of the Mulberry artificial harbors built to support the Normandy Invasion.

Design and construction

In the second quarter of 1909, American-Hawaiian, looking to expand its fleet, placed an order with the Maryland Steel Company of Sparrows Point, Maryland, for three new cargo ships—"Kentuckian", "Georgian", and "Honolulan". The contract for the ships required that American-Hawaiian pay $1,000,000 in cash and a further $650,000 in twelve monthly notes at 5% interest. Provisions of the deal allowed that the monthly notes could be converted into longer-term mortgages at 6% interest, and secured by the ships themselves.American-Hawaiian was so pleased by the arrangements with Maryland Steel, and by the ships themselves, that they gave Maryland Steel the monopoly for all future construction, a further eleven ships by 1914. See: Cochran and Ginger, pp. 358, 365.] The final cost of "Kentuckian", including financing costs, was $58.33 per deadweight ton, which came out to just under $579,000.

"Kentuckian" (Maryland Steel yard no. 104) was the first ship built under the contract. She was launched on 19 March 1910, by Miss Nancy Johnson, the daughter of U.S. Representative Ben Johnson (D-KY), who christened the ship with sparkling spring water from the Kentucky farms of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis.Senator and Mrs. William Edgar Borah (R-ID) and the wives of Representative Joseph F. Howell (D-UT) and former senator Thomas H. Paynter (D-KY) were among the invited guests at the noon launching ceremony. All had taken a special train from Washington, D.C. at 10:00 that morning.] The completed ship, delivered to American-Hawaiian on 1 June, was GRT|6,479|first=yes, and was convert|414|ft|2|in|m in length (between perpendiculars) and convert|53|ft|6|in|m abeam. She had a deadweight tonnage of DWT|9,925|long, and her cargo holds had a storage capacity of convert|428145|cuft. "Kentuckian" had a single quadruple-expansion steam engine powered by oil-fired boilers that drove a single screw propeller at a speed of convert|11|knots|km/h. Cochran and Ginger, p. 357.]

Early career

When "Kentuckian" began sailing for American-Hawaiian, the company shipped cargo from East Coast ports via the Tehuantepec Route to West Coast ports and Hawaii, and vice versa. Shipments on the Tehuantepec Route would arrive at Mexican ports—Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, for eastbound cargo, and Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, for westbound cargo—and would traverse the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on the Tehuantepec National Railway. [Hovey, p. 78.] Eastbound shipments were primarily sugar and pineapple from Hawaii, while westbound cargoes were more general in nature. [Cochran and Ginger, p. 355–56.] "Kentuckian" sailed in this service but it is not clear from sources whether on the east or west side of North America. [cite news | title = American-Hawaiian Steamship Co. | format = display ad | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 13 April 1914 | page = I-4 ]

After the United States occupation of Veracruz on 21 April 1914 (which found six American-Hawaiian ships in Mexican ports), the Huerta-led Mexican government closed the Tehuantepec National Railway to American shipping. This loss of access coupled with the fact that the Panama Canal was not yet open, caused American-Hawaii to return in late April to its historic route of sailing around South America via the Straits of Magellan.Cochran and Ginger, p. 360.] With the opening of the Panama Canal on 15 August, American-Hawaiian ships switched to taking that route.

In October 1915, landslides closed the Panama Canal and all American-Hawaiian ships, including "Kentuckian", returned to the Straits of Magellan route again.Cochran and Ginger, p. 361.] "Kentuckian"'s exact movements from this time through early 1918 are unclear. She may have been in the half of the American-Hawaiian fleet that was chartered for transatlantic service. She may also have been in the group of American-Hawaiian ships chartered for service to South America, delivering coal, gasoline, and steel in exchange for coffee, nitrates, cocoa, rubber, and manganese ore.Cochran and Ginger, p. 362.]

World War I

At some point after the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, the United States Army chartered "Kentuckian" for transporting animals to Europe in support of the American Expeditionary Force. Crowell and Wilson, p. 529.] cite web | last = Krenzelok | first = Greg | title = Newport News Animal Transport ship List overseas to France during WW1 | url = http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gregkrenzelok/veterinary%20corp%20in%20ww1/newportnewsshiplist.html | accessdate = 2008-08-29 ] Although there is no information about the specific conversion of "Kentuckian", for other ships this typically meant that any passenger accommodations had to be ripped out and replaced with ramps and stalls for the horses and mules carried. [Crowell and Wilson, pp. 313–14.]

Details about "Kentuckian"'s first animal transport journey are not known, but her second trip began 14 March 1918 when she sailed from Newport News, Virginia, with 848 animals for Saint-Nazaire, where she unloaded all but the four animals that had died or were destroyed during the voyage. On 24 April, during a convoy crossing in Army service, Naval Armed Guardsmen on "Kentuckian" sighted a torpedo heading towards the second ship behind her in the column. Opening fire on the torpedo, the gun crew claimed the hit that caused the torpedo to explode short of its intended target. Further details of "Kentuckian"'s Army service are not available.

With the signing of the Armistice on 11 November, the fighting came to an end and the task of bringing home American soldiers began almost immediately.Gleaves, p. 31.] To that end, "Kentuckian" was acquired by the United States Navy on 16 December, and commissioned on 28 January 1919 with Lieutenant Commander Carrol E. Higgins, NAR, in command. Before she could begin returning troops, though, "Kentuckian" had to undergo conversion from a cargo and animal ship. Though sources do not indicate the specific modifications "Kentuckian" underwent, typical conversions for other ships included the installation of berths for troops, and adding greatly expanded cooking and toilet facilities to handle the large numbers of men aboard. [Crowell and Wilson, p. 316.] Similar modifications on a fellow American-Hawaiian cargo ship, the two-years-younger USS|Minnesotan|ID-4545|2, took three months,cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | title = Minnesotan | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m11/minnesotan.htm | short = on ] but it is not known how long "Kentuckian"'s refit took.

"Kentuckian" departed New York for her first trooping voyage on 2 March, picking up nearly 2,000 soldiers at Saint-Nazaire—among them some 1,500 men of the 363rd Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 91st Infantry Division, and a number from the U.S. 33rd Infantry Division—before returning to New York on 1 April. [363rd Infantry, 91st Infantry Division: cite news | author = Associated Press | title = California unit back | work = The Los Angeles Times | date = 2 April 1919 | page = I-1 33rd Infantry Division: cite news | title = Chicago marines and doughboys land in U. S. A. | work = Chicago Daily Tribune | date = 5 April 1919 | page = 3 ] Her arrival on another trooping run in June returned 1,860 men,cite news | url = | format = pdf | title = Crown prince's dog here | work = The New York Times | date = 8 June 1919 | accessdate = 2008-08-29 | page = 7 ] including over 1,500 members of the 345th Field Artillery Regiment of the U.S. 90th Infantry Division. [cite news | title = The friend of the soldier | work = Chicago Daily Tribune | date = 6 June 1919 | page = 8 ] An officer of that unit brought back a black police dog named Pat, who, purportedly, had been the personal dog of Germany's Crown Prince Wilhelm. Another trip in July returned another 1,852 men from Saint-Nazaire. [cite news | title = 1,300 troops back in six transports | work = The Washington Post | date = 8 July 1919 | page = 5 ] In all, "Kentuckian" made a total of five trooping runs from France, bringing back 8,895 men by the time she completed her last trip on 31 August at Norfolk, Virginia. She was decommissioned on 15 September and returned to American-Hawaiian the same day.

Interwar years

"Kentuckian" resumed cargo service with American-Hawaiian after her return from World War I service. Though the company had abandoned its original Hawaiian sugar routes by this time, [Cochran and Ginger, p. 363] "Kentuckian" continued inter-coastal service through the Panama Canal with a few incidents that interrupted what was a mostly uneventful twenty years. In September 1928, a day after sailing from San Francisco, "Kentuckian" was rammed by the General Petroleum tanker "Los Alamos" near Point Sur, California, in a thick fog. "Kentuckian" had a leak in her number two cargo hold and damage to her port bilge keel and returned to San Francisco for repairs. [cite news | title = Rammed ship due at harbor | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 23 September 1928 | page = F7 ] In early April 1933, a fire broke out in "Kentuckian"'s number two cargo hold, which resulted in the delay of the ship at Panama from 8 to 14 April. "Kentuckian" made her way to Los Angeles over the next ten days, where surveyors examined the ship and her general cargo.cite news | last = Drake | first = Waldo | title = Shipping news and activities at Los Angeles Harbor | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 25 April 1933 | page = 11 ]

For the most part, "Kentuckian" primarily carried general cargoes whose contents were not noteworthy. [Arrival notices in the "Los Angeles Times", for example, generally only noted the quantity of cargo carried by "Kentuckian". For a typical report, see: cite news | last = Cave | first = Wayne B. | title = Shipping news and activities at Los Angeles Harbor | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 5 July 1933 | page = 15 | quote = the Kentuckian, from Boston, with 2000 tons of general [cargo] ] One exception occurred in July 1929, when "The New York Times" reported that "Kentuckian" was carrying, "Pirate", an R-class racing yacht to races at Larchmont and Marblehead. The newspaper reported that "Pirate" was the first West Coast designed and built yacht to race in the East. [cite news | title = Coast craft to race in East | work = The New York Times | date = 7 July 1929 | page = 131 ]

Unlike SS|Minnesotan, a fellow American-Hawaiian ship that was plagued with labor difficulties, [See: cite news | last Drake | first = Waldo | title = Shipping news | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 8 March 1935 | page = 9 cite news | title = Crews return to last three tied-up ships | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 27 October 1935 | page = 1 cite news | title = Ship crew fingerprinted in hunt for knife-killer | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 24 March 1936 | page = 9 ] "Kentuckian" seems to have escaped much of the maritime labor turmoil of the mid 1930s. One incident was reported by the "Los Angeles Times" in August 1936. The news item reported that a portion of "Kentuckian"'s crew went on strike in protest against unsafe working conditions. The ship's master had ordered the deckhands to rig one of the cargo booms after the ship docked in Los Angeles, but they refused because the deck was slippery and therefore, in their opinion, unsafe. [cite news | title = Seaman Strike Continues to Tie Up Vessel | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 14 August 1936 | page = 11 ] There was no follow up report indicating the ultimate resolution of the incident.]

World War II

Shortly before the United States entered World War II, "Kentuckian" was requisitioned by the War Shipping Administration (WSA), but continued to be operated by American-Hawaiian.cite news | last = Stone | first = Leon | title = U.S. awards $7,247,637 to Hawaiian ship firm | work = The Christian Science Monitor | date = 31 March 1945 | page = 4 ] On 19 November 1941, "Kentuckian" sailed from New York for Durban, where she arrived on 21 December. "Kentuckian" spent the next two months sailing between ports in South Africa and Mozambique, calling at Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, and East London in the former, and Lourenco Marques, and Beira in the latter, before heading to Trinidad from Cape Town on 28 February 1942. Arriving at Trinidad three weeks later, she made her way up to Boston by early April, before putting in at New York for about six weeks. Sailing from New York in late May, "Kentuckian" joined a southbound Hampton Roads, Virginia – Key West, Florida convoy. She left the convoy before Key West and headed back across the Atlantic to Cape Town, where she arrived on 7 July. "Kentuckian" spent the next month sailing between Cape Town, East London, and Durban. "Kentuckian" concluded her second trip to Africa when she sailed for South America on 1 August.cite web | title = Port Arrivals/Departures: Kentuckian | url = http://convoyweb.org.uk/ports/index.html?search.php?vessel=KENTUCKIAN~armain | work = Arnold Hague's Ports Database | publisher = Convoy Web | date = | accessdate = 2008-08-29 ]

After a three-week crossing of the South Atlantic, "Kentuckian" arrived at Paramaribo on 22 August, where she took on a load of bauxite and made her way to New York, [cite AHCD | convoytype = TAG | convoynumber = 3 | accessdate = 2008-08-29 ] where she docked on 20 September. The cargo ship slowly made her way south, calling at Charleston, Key West, and Guantánamo Bay along her way to Trinidad, where she arrived on 5 November. Sailing 11 November, "Kentuckian" began her third and final trip to Africa. She arrived at Freetown on 25 November and called at Bathurst and Takoradi over the next two months before returning to Trinidad on 31 January 1943. Sailing from Trinidad on 4 February, she called at Guantánamo Bay and Baltimore on her way to New York, where, arriving in late March, she prepared to begin transatlantic convoy sailings to the United Kingdom.

On 1 April, "Kentuckian", loaded with grain and general cargo, departed as a part of Convoy HX-232, the 232nd New York – Halifax – Liverpool convoy. [cite AHCD | convoytype = HX | convoynumber = 232 | accessdate = 2008-08-29 ] Developing some unreported problem, she returned to New York on 3 April. The problem must have been minor, because she sailed as part of Convoy HX-233 three days later. This convoy was attacked by no fewer than eight German submarines, [Haskell, p. 90.] which resulted in the loss of only one ship, the British cargo ship "Fort Rampart", [Haskell, p. 92.] and the sinking of "U-175" by convoy escorts. [Haskell, pp. 93–102.] There is no evidence that "Kentuckian" played any direct part in the sinking of the German submarine, but, nevertheless, members of her Naval Armed Guard were awarded a battle star for actions in the convoy from 16–18 April. [Haskell, p. 40.] Haskell reports that the Naval Armed Guardsmen of "all" the American-flagged ships in Convoy HX-233 were awarded a battle star, even though the Armed Guard contingents on some of the ships were unaware that a submarine had been sighted, much less sunk. Merchant seamen on the vessels received no such award. See: Haskell, pp. 40–41.] "Kentuckian" arrived at Liverpool on 21 April. Over the next ten months, "Kentuckian" made nine more convoy crossings between the UK—where she called at Liverpool, Swansea, Milford Haven, Methil, Loch Ewe, Immingham, and Belfast Lough—and New York. She ended her tenth North Atlantic crossing when she arrived at New York on 16 February 1944.

Sailing from New York on 26 February, "Kentuckian" made two circuits between that port and the Caribbean, calling at Nuevitas, Cuba, and Manatí, Puerto Rico, and making stops at Key West and Philadelphia along the way, before putting in at New York on 15 April. "Kentuckian" departed the United States for the final time on 19 May and headed for Milford Haven. After arriving there on 3 June, the cargo ship arrived at Barry via Plymouth, Belfast Lough, and Falmouth, on 27 June. Departing Barry on 8 July as a part of Convoy EBC-35, "Kentuckian" arrived at Arromanches on 10 July and was scuttled there as part of a breakwater protecting the mulberry harbor constructed there in support of the Normandy invasion. [cite AHCD | convoytype = EBC | convoynumber = 35 | accessdate = 2008-08-29 ]

In March 1945, the WSA offered a payment of $565,910 to American-Hawaiian for "Kentuckian" as part of a $7.2 million settlement for eleven requisitioned American-Hawaiian ships that had either been sunk, scuttled (like "Kentuckian"), or were to be retained by the government.

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