Fort Snelling, Minnesota

Infobox_nrhp | name =Fort Snelling
nrhp_type =nhl


caption =Fort Snelling's round tower
nearest_city= Across Mississippi River from St. Paul, at 7th St. Bridge, St. Paul, Minnesota
area =
lat_degrees = 44 | lat_minutes = 53 | lat_seconds = 34 | lat_direction = N
long_degrees = 93 | long_minutes = 10 | long_seconds = 50 | long_direction = W
built =1819
architect= Col. Josiah Snelling
designated= December 19, 1960cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=278&ResourceType=District
title=Fort Snelling |accessdate=2007-10-03|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service]
added = October 15, 1966cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2006-03-15|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service]
governing_body = Minnesota Historical Society
refnum=66000401

Fort Snelling, originally known as Fort St. Anthony, is a former military fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. It is part of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, a unit of the National Park Service. The 2000 census listed Fort Snelling as an unorganized territory (a designation it has carried since it was founded) with a total population of 442.

The Historic Fort Snelling, run by the Minnesota Historical Society, is located on top of the river bluff. The land at the bottom of the bluff is protected as Fort Snelling State Park, run by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The history of these two areas are intimately connected despite the current split in ownership.

History

Lt. Zebulon Pike purchased 100,000 acres (400 km²) of land in the area in 1805, though it was more than a decade before significant settlement took place. Following the War of 1812 the federal government built a chain of forts and installed Indian agents between Lake Michigan and the Missouri River. Their primary purpose was to protect the territory from Canadian and British encroachment. The soldiers at these outposts denied non-U.S. citizens commercial use of the rivers, kept American Indian lands free of white settlement until treaties were signed, enforced law and order, and protected legitimate travelers and traders. In this case, they also attempted to keep the peace between the Ojibwe and Dakota people.cite web| title =Historic Fort Snelling: A Brief History of Fort Snelling| publisher = Minnesota Historical Society| url =http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs| accessdate = 2007-05-30]

, and he left the installation in September 1827 when recalled to Washington. He died a year later from complications due to dysentery and a "brain fever".

The fort's doctor began taking weather observations in January 1820. Observations have been recorded continuously in the region ever since, giving the Twin Cities one of the most complete weather records in the country. Observations were made at the adjacent Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport until 1995, when the local National Weather Service office moved to Chanhassen, Minnesota.

Fort Snelling's is noted because it was a post where John Emerson, Dred Scott's owner worked. Emerson, who purchased Scott in St. Louis, lived with Dred and Harriet Scott at the fort during much of the 1830s. At the time, slavery was illegal at Fort Snelling due to the Missouri Compromise; Dred and Harriet's time in Minnesota a led to the infamous U.S. Supreme Court's case.

in 1858 for $90,000. (Fortunately for Steele, the deal included 8000 acres (32 km²) of what would become south Minneapolis.)cite web| title =Fort Snelling State Park Upper Bluff Reuse Study| publisher =Minnesota Department of Natural Resources| date = November, 1998| url = http://wwwa.co.hennepin.mn.us/files/HCInternet/EPandT/Community%20Development/Economic%20Development/Fort%20Snelling%20Upper%20Bluff%20Reuse%20Study%20with%202006%20updates%20Part%20I.pdf
accessdate = ] But during the Civil War, he leased it back to the government for use as an induction station. After the war was over Steele leased the land to settlers and the city began to grow. The town of Minneapolis became a city in 1867. [cite web| title =Urban Connections - Minneapolis| publisher =USDA Forest Service|url =http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/urban_connections/Cities/Minneapolis/| accessdate = 2007-05-29] After the war, the regular army returned to the fort. They protected the interests of the white settlers from the Dakota people and others from the fort, west to the Rocky mountains, dispatching forces projected for the Indian Wars and the Spanish American War of 1898.

The fort saw service through World War II, when it was chosen as the location for the Military Intelligence Service Language School, set up to teach the Japanese language to Army personnel. Scores of buildings were constructed for housing and teaching the 300,000 soldiers processed there. It was de-commissioned on October 12, 1946, and parceled out to various federal agencies. The majority of the structures fell into disrepair. In 1960, it was listed as a National Historic Landmark.,citation|title=PDFlink| [http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000401.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Fort Snelling] |1.02 MiB |author=Marilynn Larew |date=March 15, 1978 |publisher=National Park Service and PDFlink| [http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000401.pdf Accompanying 29 images, including photos from late 1880s to 1977.] |3.41 MiB ]

In the decades since, the area of the original walled fort has been converted to an educational establishment operated by the Minnesota Historical Society, rebuilt to resemble its original appearance, and staffed during the spring, summer and early fall with costumed personnel interpreting life at the early post.

While restoring and re-creating the original fort has assured its survival as a historical artifact for the foreseeable future, many of the more recently-constructed and since-abandoned buildings of the fort have fallen into serious disrepair and neglect. In May 2006, Fort Snelling's Upper Post was added to the list of "America's Most Endangered Places" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Some restoration on Historic Fort Snelling, however, is currently underway--the flagpole has been removed from the iconic round tower and will be placed in the ground, a change since its opening as a historic fort.

.

Geography and transport

The Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory, on which the fort is located, is an unincorporated area, a county division of Hennepin County lying just east of the city of Richfield. It is also adjacent to the cities of Minneapolis, Bloomington, St. Paul (across the Mississippi River), and Mendota Heights (across the Minnesota River). The fort is located at the eastern end of the territory, near the confluence of the Mississippi River with the Minnesota River. The territory houses numerous federal facilities, primarily military in nature. Along with the fort and the cemetery, the Minneapolis Veterans Health Administration Medical Center is also located here. However, most of its land area is the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. According to the United States Census Bureau, this unorganized territory has a total area of 17.2 km² (6.7 mi²). 16.5 km² (6.4 mi²) of it is land and 0.8 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.65% water.

The federal government still owns some land near the airport. This is the home to Army Reserve, Marine Corps, Naval, and Coast Guard regional Reserve campuses, a golf course, ball fields, and a V.A. hospital. An Air Force Reserve, a Minnesota Air National Guard station, and a federal building are situated on this land. This area is now served by the Hiawatha light-rail line.

Demographics

As of the censusGR|2 of 2000, there were 442 people residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was 26.8/km² (69.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the unorganized territory was 94.57% White, 3.62% Black or African American, 1.36% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, and 0.23% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.

In the unorganized territory the population was spread out with 4.5% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 62.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 69 years.

Males had a median income of $43,558 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the unorganized territory was $24,328. None of the population were below the poverty line.

ee also

* Army on the Frontier
* Dred Scott
* Fort Snelling State Park
* Lawrence Taliaferro

References

Further reading

* [http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/hfs/ Historic Fort Snelling.] Minnesota Historical Society.
* [http://events.mnhs.org/Timepieces/EventDetail.cfm?EventID=460 TimePieces Timeline: 1819 U.S. Outpost.] Minnesota Historical Society.
* [http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/11-most/fort-snelling-upper-post.html America's 11 Most Endangered Places: Fort Snelling Upper Post]
* [http://millcity.pconline.com/Fort%20Snelling/ Photos of Upper Post]
*cite book|first=John O. |last=Anfinson|year=2003|title=River of History: A Historic Resources Study of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area|publisher=St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers

External links

*" [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20232 Three Score Years and Ten - Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and other parts of the West] ", by Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve. Published in 1888, from Project Gutenberg
* [http://www.cem.va.gov/CEM/cems/nchp/ftsnelling.asp Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Department of Veterans Affairs] Official webpage
* [http://www1.va.gov/minneapolis/ Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs] Official webpage
* [http://www.mspairport.com/ Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport] Official website
* [http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=278&ResourceType=District NHL summary]
* [http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000401.pdf National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form] - includes description and details on buildings
* [http://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/histfort.htm Historic Fort Snelling page of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area's website]