Pedomorphosis

In developmental biology, pedomorphosis (also spelled paedomorphosis) or juvenification is a phenotypic and/or genotypic change in which the adults of a species retain traits previously seen only in juveniles. Peramorphosis is change in the reverse direction. Pedomorphosis was first proposed by Walter Garstang in 1922 [Garstang, W. (1922) The Theory of Recapitulation: a critical Re-statement of the Biogenetic Law. "Linn. Soc. Jour. Zool.", XXXV, pp. 81-101] . The underlying mechanisms for this include heterochrony.

Pedomorphosis is common in many animal species domesticated by humans, including dogs, chickens, pigs and cattle. It is believed to be a side-effect of the selective pressure of human-directed breeding for juvenile behavioral characteristics such as docility. [citation|last = Trut|first = Lyudmila N|year = 1999|url = http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf|title="Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment"|journal = American Scientist|volume = 87|issue = 2|pages = 160-169. (A Russian study of pedomorphosis in a 40-year breeding program to domesticate red foxes.)]

Natural pedomorphosis occurs in many species of amphibians, especially ambystomatid and protean salamanders. In amphibians it can be obligate or facultative. For example, some salamanders retain their gills during adulthood, unlike most other amphibians. It is assumed that at some point in the past, they too would lose their gills, but some genetic change caused them to be retained, at a point where it was evolutionarily advantageous or neutral. Pedomorphosis also occurs in termites and several species of cockroach. Humans are considered by some scientistsWho? to be pedomorphic, due to their flattened face, short jaw, and bulbous forehead compared to other adult primates.

Pedomorphosis also occurs in some plants, which change rapidly in response to environmental shifts. One example is the single species in the genus "Oreostylidium", where a founder population of a more specialized plant from Australia reached New Zealand. The flowers were typically associated with a single pollinator species, but pollinators were unspecialized in its new home. It is hypothesized that in response to this new lack of pollinator pressure, the plants underwent a rapid evolution that allowed flowers to reach sexual maturity earlier as immature plants, thus fueling the pedomorphic change. [citation|last1 = Wagstaff|first1 = S J|last2 = Wege|first2 = J|year = 2002|url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/5/865|title = Patterns of diversification in New Zealand Stylidiaceae|journal = American Journal of Botany|volume = 89|issue = 5|pages = 865-874.]

There are several kinds of pedomorphism which may appear independently or in combination:
* Neoteny, in which somatic (or physical) development is slowed, resulting in a sexually mature juvenile or larval form.
* Progenesis, in which development is halted before full maturity.
* Postdisplacement, in which the start of development is delayed.

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