Vauxhall Gardens

This article is about The British pleasure gardens. For the New York City pleasure gardens, see New York Vauxhall Gardens.

A prospect of Vauxhall Gardens in 1751

Vauxhall Gardens was a pleasure garden, one of the leading venues for public entertainment in London, England from the mid 17th century to the mid 19th century. Originally known as New Spring Gardens, the site was believed to have opened before the Restoration of 1660 with the first mention being made by Samuel Pepys in 1662. The Gardens consisted of several acres of trees and shrubs with attractive walks. Initially, entrance was free with food and drink being sold to support the venture.

The site became Vauxhall Gardens in 1785 and admission was charged to gain entrance to its many attractions. The Gardens drew all manner of people and supported enormous crowds, with its paths being noted for romantic assignations. Tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts and fireworks provided amusement. The rococo "Turkish tent" became one of the Gardens' structures, the interior of the Rotunda became one of Vauxhall's most viewed attractions, and the chinoiserie style was a feature of several buildings. A statue depicting George Frederic Handel was erected in the Gardens. It later found its way to the Victoria and Albert museum and can now be seen there. In 1827, the Battle of Waterloo was re-enacted with 1,000 soldiers participating.

The 'supposed' last night of the gardens was on 5 September 1839 when it attracted 1089 people. Vauxhall was sold at auction on 9 Sept 1841 for £20,000, following bankruptcy of the owners, after which it re-opened, but it was permanently closed in 1859, and most of the land sold for building purposes.

Vauxhall Gardens was located in Kennington on the south bank of the River Thames, which was not part of the built-up area of the metropolis until towards the end of the Gardens' existence. Part of the site is now a small public park called Spring Gardens.

History

Plan of Vauxhall Gardens, 1826

The Gardens are believed to have opened just before the Restoration of 1660, on property formerly owned by Jane Fauxe, or Vaux, widow, in 1615. Whereas John Nichols in his History of Lambeth Parish conjectures that she was the widow of Guy Fawkes, executed in 1606, John Timbs in his 1867 Curiosities of London states for a fact that there was no such connection, and that the Vaux name derives from one Falkes de Breauté, a mercenary working for King John who acquired the land by marriage. Jane is stated to be the widow of John, a vintner.^[1] Perhaps the earliest record is Samuel Pepys' description of a visit he made to the New Spring Gardens on the 29th May 1662. The then name distinguished the gardens from the Old Spring Gardens at Charing Cross; however Pepys implies that there were both Old and New Spring Gardens at Vauxhall;^[2] and indeed Spring Gardens appears to have been a longstanding appellation for a variety of entertainment enterprises.^[3]

The Gardens consisted of several acres laid out with walks. Initially admission was free, the proprietors making money by selling food and drink. John Evelyn described "the New Spring Garden at Lambeth" as a "very pretty contrived plantation" in 1661. John Aubrey, in his Antiquities of Surrey gives us the following account:

At Vauxhall, Sir Samuel Morland built a fine room, anno 1667, the inside all of looking-glass, and fountains very pleasant to behold, which is much visited by strangers: it stands in the middle of the garden, covered with Cornish slate, on the point of which he placed a punchinello, very well carved, which held a dial, but the winds have demolished it.^[4]

A plan of 1681 shows the circular central feature planted with trees and shrubs, and the formal allées that were to remain a feature as long as the Gardens lasted.^[5]

Sir John Hawkins, in his General History of Music (1776), says:

The house seems to have been rebuilt since the time that Sir Samuel Morland dwelt in it. About the year 1730,^[6] Mr. Jonathan Tyers became the occupier of it, and, there being a large garden belonging to it, planted with a great number of stately trees, and laid out in shady walks, it obtained the name of Spring Gardens; and the house being converted into a tavern, or place of entertainment, was much frequented by the votaries of pleasure. Mr. Tyers opened it with an advertisement of a Ridotto^[7] al Fresco, a term which the people of this country had till that time been strangers to. These entertainments were repeated in the course of the summer, and numbers resorted to partake of them. This encouraged the proprietor to make his garden a place of musical entertainment, for every evening during the summer season. To this end he was at great expense in decorating the gardens with paintings; he engaged a band of excellent musicians; he issued silver tickets^[8] at one guinea each for admission, and receiving great encouragement, he set up an organ in the orchestra, and, in a conspicuous part of the garden, erected a fine statue of Mr. Handel.^[9][10]

The Spring Gardens and the Rococo in England

The Spring Gardens were the most prominent vehicle in England for the public display of the new Rococo style.^[11] The earliest pictorial representation of Tyers' Spring Gardens, Vauxhall, is the "Vauxhall fan" (1736), an etching printed in blue designed to be pasted to a fan;^[12] it shows the earliest groups of pavilions, in a sober classical taste, but the interiors of the supper boxes were painted by members of Hogarth's St. Martin's Lane Academy, prominent among them Francis Hayman.^[13] Hayman provided most of the subjects, which were rapidly executed by students and assistants; Hubert Gravelot provided designs for two others, and Hogarth's designs were pressed into service in hastily dashed-off copies that filled the back of every box. At a certain hour, all the paintings were let down at once, to offer some security to the companies at supper and a suitable backdrop, one observer thought, for the live beauties of London.^[14] Frederick, Prince of Wales, who had come to England with his father George II in 1728 and who was a prominent patron of the Rococo, took sufficient interest in the Gardens to have his own pavilion built from the very first.^[15]

The first fully Rococo structure erected at the Spring Gardens, Vauxhall, was the "Turkish Tent" that was still a novelty in 1744; "this fantastic structure introduced that element of frivolous impermanence which became so characteristic of Vauxhall," David Coke has remarked.^[16] In the course of the 1740s it was joined by other examples of Rococo chinoiserie and above all by the Rotunda, with the most-viewed Rococo interior decoration in England, designed by George Michael Moser, another member of the St. Martin's Lane Academy; the ornaments were "Executed by French and Italians" George Vertue noted.^[17]

Reputation

Popular with all classes of society, the Gardens were a noted venue for romantic assignations in the "dark walks". A footnote in a 2002 publication^[18] provides an unattributed and double-edged quote, noting that the gardens were "so intricate that the most experienced mothers often lost themselves in looking for their daughters". In 1732, their fashionable status was confirmed by a fancy dress ball attended by Frederick, Prince of Wales. At that time access from the West End was by water, but the opening of Westminster Bridge in the 1740s made access easier though less charming.

Enormous crowds could be accommodated at Spring Gardens, Vauxhall. In 1749 a rehearsal of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks attracted an audience of 12,000, and in 1786 a fancy dress jubilee to celebrate the proprietor's long ownership was thronged with 61,000 revellers. Many of the best known musicians and singers of the day performed at the Gardens, for example Sophia Baddeley.

An entertainment in Vauxhall Gardens in c.1779 by Thomas Rowlandson. The two women in the centre are Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire and her sister Lady Duncannon. The man seated at the table on the left is Samuel Johnson, with James Boswell to his left and Oliver Goldsmith to his right. To the right the actress and author Mary Darby Robinson stands next to the Prince of Wales, later George IV

The main walks were lit at night by hundreds of lamps. Over time more features and eyecatchers were added: additional supper boxes, a music room, a Chinese pavilion, a gothic orchestra that accommodated fifty musicians, and ruins, arches, statues and a cascade. An admission charge was introduced from the beginning and later James Boswell wrote:

Vauxhall Gardens is peculiarly adapted to the taste of the English nation; there being a mixture of curious show, — gay exhibition, musick, vocal and instrumental, not too refined for the general ear; — for all of which only a shilling is paid.^[19]

A great part of the entertainment was offered by the well-dressed company itself. Pauses between pieces of music were intentionally long enough to give the crowd time to circulate the Gardens anew. M. Grosely, in his Tour to London (1772) says, relating to Ranelagh Gardens and Vauxhall:

These entertainments, which begin in the month of May, are continued every night. They bring together persons of all ranks and conditions; and amongst these, a considerable number of females, whose charms want only that cheerful air, which is the flower and quintessence of beauty. These places serve equally as a rendezvous either for business or intrigue. They form, as it were, private coteries; there you see fathers and mothers, with their children, enjoying domestic happiness in the midst of public diversions. The English assert, that such entertainments as these can never subsist in France, on account of the levity of the people. Certain it is, that those of Vauxhall and Ranelagh, which are guarded only by outward decency, are conducted without tumult and disorder, which often disturb the public diversions of France. I do not know whether the English are gainers thereby; the joy which they seem in search of at those places does not beam through their countenances; they look as grave at Vauxhall and Ranelagh as at the Bank, at church, or a private club. All persons there seem to say, what a young English nobleman said to his governor, Am I as joyous as I should be?^[20]

The new name Vauxhall Gardens, long in popular use, was made official in 1785. After Boswell's time the admission charge rose steadily: to two shillings in 1792, three-and-sixpence in the early 19th century, and 4/6 in the 1820s. Season tickets were also sold. [1] Entertainment in this period included hot air balloon ascents, fireworks, and tightrope walkers. In 1813 there was a fête to celebrate victory at the Battle of Vitoria, and in 1827 the Battle of Waterloo was re-enacted by 1,000 soldiers.

The contributor to the Edinburgh Encyclopedia (1830 edition) comments that:

the garden's great attraction arises from their being splendidly illuminated at light with about 15,000 glass lamps. These being tastefully hung among the trees, which line the walks, produce an impression similar to that which is called up on reading some of the stories in the Arabian Nights Entertainments. On some occasions there have been upwards of 19,000 persons in them, and this immense concourse, most of whom are well dressed, seen in connection with the illuminated walks, add not a little to the brilliant and astonishing effect of the whole scene.

Charles Dickens wrote of a daylight visit to Vauxhall Gardens, in Sketches by Boz, published in 1836:

We paid our shilling at the gate, and then we saw for the first time, that the entrance, if there had been any magic about it at all, was now decidedly disenchanted, being, in fact, nothing more nor less than a combination of very roughly-painted boards and sawdust. We glanced at the orchestra and supper-room as we hurried past—we just recognised them, and that was all. We bent our steps to the firework-ground; there, at least, we should not be disappointed. We reached it, and stood rooted to the spot with mortification and astonishment. That the Moorish tower—that wooden shed with a door in the centre, and daubs of crimson and yellow all round, like a gigantic watch-case! That the place where night after night we had beheld the undaunted Mr. Blackmore make his terrific ascent, surrounded by flames of fire, and peals of artillery, and where the white garments of Madame Somebody (we forget even her name now), who nobly devoted her life to the manufacture of fireworks, had so often been seen fluttering in the wind, as she called up a red, blue, or party-coloured light to illumine her temple!^[21]

The Gardens feature in a number of other works of literature. They are the scene for a brief but pivotal turning point in the fortunes of anti-heroine Becky Sharp in William Makepeace Thackeray's 19th-century novel Vanity Fair, as well as a setting in his novel Pendennis. Thomas Hardy sets scenes in his The Dynasts in the Gardens. As well as Cecilia by Frances Burney where the character Mr Harrell commits suicide.

The Gardens passed through several hands. In 1840, the owners went bankrupt and the Gardens closed. They were revived the following year, and again in 1842 under new management, but in 1859 they closed for good.

(From Chambers Book of Days 1869)- The public garden of London, in the reigns of James I and Charles I, was a royal one, or what had been so, between Charing Cross and St. James's Park. From a playfully contrived water-work, which, on being unguardedly pressed by the foot, sprinkled the bystanders, it was called Spring Garden. There was bowling there, promenading, eating and drinking, and, in consequence of the last, occasional quarrelling and fighting; so at last the permission for the public to use Spring Garden was withdrawn. During the Commonwealth, Mulberry Garden, where Buckingham Palace is now situated, was for a time a similar resort. Immediately after the Restoration, a piece of ground in Lambeth, opposite Millbank, was appropriated as a public garden for amusements and recreation; which character it was destined to support for nearly two centuries. From a manor called Fulke's Hall, the residence of Fulke de Breaute, the mercenary follower of King John, came the name so long familiarized to the ears of Londoners—Vauxhall.

Pepys, writing on the 28th of May 1667, says - 'By water to Fox-hall, and there walked in the Spring Gardens [the name of the old garden had been transferred to this new one]. A great deal of company, and the weather and garden pleasant; and it is very cheap going thither, for a man may spend what he will or nothing, all as one. But to hear the nightingale and the birds, and here fiddles and there a harp, and here a jew's trump and there laughing, and there fine people walking, is mighty divertising.'

Further reading

• Scott, Walter Sidney, Green retreats; the story of Vauxhall Gardens, 1661–1859. London: Odhams Press, 1955
• The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827

See also

• Ranelagh Gardens — Vauxhall Gardens' rival, which operated from 1742 to 1803.
• Cremorne Gardens — 19th century public gardens in Chelsea.
• Cuper's Gardens — 18th century tea garden in Lambeth.
• Charles Green - record-making balloonist in the "Royal Vauxhall" 1836
• Marylebone Gardens - musical gardens in Marylebone, 1738-1781.
• Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, which were originally called Tivoli and Vauxhall Gardens.

References

Notes

1. ^ Curiosities of London, John Timbs, 1867, page 745
2. ^ The Diary of Samuel Pepys. p. 231. http://books.google.com/books?id=QZIWiVW1EMcC&pg=PA231&dq=Pepys+Diary+Spring+Gardens&lr=lang_en&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html. 
3. ^ London; being an accurate history and description of the British metropolis... vol IV, David Hughson, 1807, page 327
4. ^ Walford, Edward (1893). Old and New London. VI. London: Cassell. p. 449. http://books.google.com/books?id=e5INAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA449&dq=Aubrey+Antiquities+of+Surrey+Morland&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html. 
5. ^ Coke, 1984: p.75.
6. ^ The lease to Jonathan Tyers (1702-1767) was from 1728; little is known of Tyers' early history; his portrait bust, attributed to Louis-François Roubiliac, is in the Birmingham City Museum and Art Collections. David Coke, "Vauxhall Gardens", Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth's England (London: Victoria and Albert Museum) 1984:75-81, p.75, and cat. no. F1 (bust).
7. ^ In Venice, a ridotto was a small apartment for entertaining convenient to Piazza San Marco, the intimate setting for paintings of fashionable life by Alessandro Longhi: see Procuratie; the squib in the paper reported that "several Painters, and Artificers are employed to finish the Temples, Obelisks, Triumphal Arches, Grotto Rooms &c for the Ridotto Al' Fresco, commanded for the 7th of June, at Spring Gardens, Vauxhall." (quoted by Coke 1984:75).
8. ^ These were season tickets; William Hogarth, who marshalled the painters to decorate the supper boxes, was issued a gold "lifetime" ticket, now in the British Museum (1984 Rococo exhibition, cat. no. F4.
9. ^ Hawkins, John (1853). A General History of the Science and Practice of Music. 2. London: Novello. p. 888. http://books.google.com/books?id=e_csAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA888&dq=General+History+of+Music+Tyers&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html. 
10. ^ The seated marble of Handel by Louis-François Roubiliac (1738), almost the only survivor of the vanished Vauxhall Gardens, is at the Victoria and Albert Museum.
11. ^ The Gardens were so central to the dissemination of Rococo in the public fancy, a section devoted to "Vauxhall Gardens" with an introductory essay by David Coke, was included in the 1984 exhibition Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth's England held at the Victoria and Albert Museum (pp 75-81 and catalogue numbers F1-F43).
12. ^ 1984 exhibition catalogue F5, lent by the Prince of Wales.
13. ^ Hayman's 'conversation piece of Tyers and his family (1740), at the National Portrait Gallery, was included in the 1984 Rococo exhibition, cat. no. F2.
14. ^ "And what adds not a little to the pleasure of these pictures, they give an unexceptionable opportunity of gazing on any pleasing fair-one, without any other pretence than the credit of a fine taste for the piece behind her", according to a correspondent to the Scots Magazine quoted by Coke 1984:78.
15. ^ He was the owner of the real estate. (Coke 1984:76).
16. ^ Coke 1984:80.
17. ^ The Walpole Society, Vertue Note-Books III:150.
18. ^ Selected Letters 1725–1768 of Peter Collinson F.R.S.. American Philosophical Society 2002, page 156
19. ^ Boswell, James (1851). Boswell's Life of Johnson. London: James Murray. p. 599–600. http://books.google.com/books?id=z7tq2bbc6k8C&pg=PA599&dq=James+Boswell+Vauxhall+Gardens&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html. 
20. ^ Walford, Edward (1893). Old and New London. VI. London: Cassell. pp. 452–453. http://books.google.com/books?id=e5INAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA452&dq=Grosely+Tour+to+London+Vauxhall+Gardens&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html. 
21. ^ Dickens, Charles (1836). Sketches by Boz. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. p. 75. http://books.google.com/books?id=Be4tAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA75&dq=Charles+Dickens+Vauxhall+Boz&lr=lang_en&num=100&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html. 

Bibliography

• David Coke, "Vauxhall Gardens", Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth's England (London: Victoria and Albert Museum) 1984:75-81.
• Ilias Chrissochoidis, "'hee-haw ... llelujah': Handel among the Vauxhall Asses (1732)", Eighteenth-Century Music 7/2 (September 2010), 221–262.

External links

• A selection of poems inspired by Vauxhall Gardens
• Details on Vauxhall Gardens maintained by the Vauxhall Society
• Website on Vauxhall Gardens from David Coke, FSA, a curator and expert on the pleasure gardens
• The Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens Detailed History from vauxhallandkennington.org.uk
• The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
• "An Evening at Vauxhall Gardens". British Galleries. Victoria and Albert Museum. http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/videos/m/music-from-spring-gardens,-vauxhall/. Retrieved 2009-02-04. 

Coordinates: 51°29.20′N 0°07.31′W / 51.4867°N 0.12183°W / 51.4867; -0.12183