Mandore (instrument)

Mandore (instrument)
Mandore
Mandore.JPG
Picture of a mandore, with tablature from Marin Mersenne's Harmonie Universelle, published 1636 in Paris.
Classification

String instrument
Related instruments

The mandore was mentioned as a new instrument in French music books from the 1580s.[1] It was a small member of the lute family, teardrop shaped, with four, five or six courses of gut strings[2] and pitched in the treble range.[3] It is considered ancestral to the modern mandolin and has also been called the mandora[4] (Italian[5]), the mandola (also Italian[6]), the mandöraen[7] and the quinterne[8][9] (German). It is possibly descended from the gittern and the earlier citole[10] and pandura.

The history of modern mandolins, mandolas and guitars are all intertwined.[11] The instruments shared common ancestor instruments.[12] Some instruments became fashionable widely, and others locally. Experts argue as to the differences; because many of the instruments are so similar but not identical, classifying them has proven difficult.

Some experts consider the mandore to be the forerunner to the mandolino[13] (also known as a Baroque mandolin), which in turn branched out into a family of mandolins which include the Neapolitan mandolin, the Genoese mandolin and the Cremonese mandolin.[14] Others consider that the mandore and mandolino may have been contemporary, with different names being used in different countries; the mandolino in Italy, the mandore in France.[15] It is also considered a forerunner or close relative of the 17th century mandola.[16]

Contents

Name controversy

While the mandore and mandora have been considered equivalent names for the same instrument by some authors, there are authors who believe that mandora is strictly for a different kind of lute, tuned in the bass range.[17][18] For an article on the bass-range instruments, see Mandora.

A brief history

A "Mandöraen" from the 1619 book Syntagma Musicum II by Michael Praetorius. See Praetorius' Plate 16. The instrument appears to have four courses of strings; three single strings and a set of double strings on the right.

The mandore came into Europe from Islamic culture via Spain,[19][20] where European and Islamic societies met. The Cantigas de Santa Maria show many examples from the late 10th century, or early 11th, of instruments similar to lutes, mandores, mandolas and guitars, being played by European and Islamic players. The instruments moved from Spain northward to France[21][22] and eastward to Italy (which also had links to the Islamic world via its trade ships), and northeast to Germany.

Construction

An example of a mandore made by Boissart, in the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum.[23] The back and neck are one piece, carved from a block of pearwood, and features images of Juno, Minerva and Venus in a beauty contest, the Judgement of Paris. The gargoyle-like head at the bottom is Medusa.

Like the earlier gittern, the mandore's back and neck were in earlier forms carved out of a block of wood.[24] This "hollowed out construction" did still exist in the 16th century, according to James Tyler, but was becoming rare.[25] The method was being replaced by gluing curved staves together to form back, and adding a neck and peg box.[26]

From Mersenne: The normal length of a mandore is 1 1/2 feet long. It is built as a lute, with "strips of fir or other wood" ... "cut and bent into melon shape" to make a rounded back.[27] The fingerboard is on the same plane as the soundboard, with a bridge glued onto the soundboard. Strings are secured in the pegboard in the neck, pass over the fingerboard and soundboard and are tied to a flat bridge, which is glued to the soundboard.[28] The instrument may have as few as four strings or as many as six. It could also have four to six courses of two strings.[29] The soundhole was covered with a rose, either carved directly into the soundboard or glued in.[30]

Methods of playing

From Marin Mersenne, 1635: A musician plays the mandore "with the finger or the tip of a feather between thumb and index finger or tied to one of the other fingers."[31] "Those who make perfect use of the mandore would move the pick so fast over the strings that they seem to form even chords as they would be if played at the same time."[32]

Another early 17th century author, Michael Praetorius, agreed. He said, "They play either with a cittern-type quill plectrum, or with one finger - and this with the speed, clarity, and precision that we would expect from the use of three or four fingers. There are some players, however, who start to use two or more fingers once they are familiar with the instrument.[33]"

Tuning

A modern built mandore. This one has five courses of strings; 4 single strings and one set of double strings.

Mersenne indicates in his book that there were many ways to tune a mandore, but three ways predominated: tuning in unison, tuning with a lowered string, and tuning in a third.

Tuning in Unison

For a four string mandore, Mersenne said, "The fourth string is a fifth of the third; the third string is at the fourth of the second, and the second at a fifth from the treble string.[34]" In other words, the mandore used a combination of fourths and fifths the courses of strings, such as c-g-c-g.[35] The Scottish mandora used the pattern d-g-d-g-d.

Tuning with a lowered string

Mersenne indicated that this was less common than tuning in unison. To tune this way, "the treble string is lowered a tone, so to make a fourth with the third string.[36]" In other words, going from tuning c-g-c-g to c-g-c-f.

Tuning in a third

In tuning a third, one "lowers the treble string down a minor third, so it makes a major third with the third.[37]" An example is going from c-g-c-g to c-g-c-e.

Relationship to other instruments

Mandore compared to lute

Marin Mersenne ends his section on the mandore in his book Harmonie Universelle by saying, "It is nothing but an abbreviated lute."[38] He said this in the context that one could look at his section on the lute for applicable information. Lutes were larger than mandores, which Mersenne described as miniature. Lutes had more courses of strings and were not restricted to the high treble range, but could play into the bass range.

Earlier in the section he compared the lute to the mandore. "Now although the mandore has only four strings, nevertheless one plays it rather above all that is played in a lute, whose chorus it covers because of the liveliness and sharpness of its tone, which penetrates and so preoccupies the ear that the lutes have trouble being heard."[39] He said that good mandore players were prone to speedy picking, blurring notes together in a rush of speed.[40]

Mandore compared to treble lute

Mandores and treble lutes were tuned differently: treble lutes from the 16th and early 17th centuries had six or more courses of strings, tuned to a "4th, a 4th, a major third, a 4th, a fourth.[41]"

Though a member of the lute family, it has been said that the mandore was not a treble lute, which had six or more courses and was tuned the same way as mainstream lutes[42] .

Mandore compared to mandolino

To a layman, images of the two instruments show no obvious differences, when comparing two instruments from the same time period. The Italian mandolino was tuned entirely in fourths. The French mandore used combinations of fourths and fifths.[43]

Mandore compared to Neapolitan mandolin

Pictures and illustrations of the mandore show an instrument that at a casual look, appears very similar to lutes and the later mandolins. The mandore differs from the Neapolitan mandolin in not having a raised fretboard and in having a flat soundboard.[44] Also It was strung with gut strings, attached to a bridge that is glued to the soundboard[45] (similar to that of a modern guitar). It was played with the fingertips.

In contrast, the Neapolitan mandolin's soundboard is bent.[46] It uses metal strings attached to the end of the instrument, crossing over a bridge that pushes downwards into the bent soundboard.[47]

The differences in design reflect progress in a technological push for louder instruments.[48] If the mandore's gut-strings were tightened too much they would break. If metal strings were attached, they could pull the fixed bridge off the soundboard, or damage the soundboard. The bend in the Neapolitan's soundboard (new technology at the time) allowed the soundboard to take the pressure made by the metal strings, driving the bridge down into the soundboard.[49] The result was a louder instrument with less fragile strings. The metal strings were played with a plectrum, creating even better volume.[50]

Mandolins are tuned in fifths, typically g-d-a-e for a four string mandolin.

Mandore compared to mandola

Two styles of mandolas have made it into museums, flat-backed and bowl-backed. Flat-backed mandolas resemble citterns. Bowl-backed mandolas resemble mandores. One example that has survived of a bowl-backed mandola is that made by Vicenti di Verona in 1696, held by the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary. By looks alone, telling the bowl-backed mandola from the mandore can be a challenge.

One difference was in the way that they were tuned. The mandore used a combination of fourths and fifths between the courses of strings, such as c-g-c-g or c-f-c-f. The mandola used fourths e-a-d-g (or if using a 5 or 6 course instrument g-b-e-a-d-g).[51]

As the instruments developed, they became physically less similar. By the 17th century, makers such as Antonio Stradivarius made the mandore smaller, with the mandola having strings almost twice as long as the mandore's.[52] By this time, the mandore could well have been called "mandolino"; but mandolinos were tuned entirely in fourths, like the mandola.[53]

Mandore compared to the Scottish mandora

A principal source of music for the Scottish variant of the instrument can be found in The Ancient Melodies of Scotland by William Dauney. This book is a history of Scottish music, and contains some information on the mandora. Dauney makes it clear that the mandora (which he also calls the mandour) for which the tunes in the Skene Manuscript are written, is the same instrument that Mersenne called the mandore.[54][55] It was tuned in fourths and fifths d-g-d-g-d. Another tuning in fourths and fifths: A-d-a-d-a.[56]

Composers

External links

Museum Examples

Literature

  • D. Gill: Mandore and Calachon, FoMRHI Quarterly, no.19 (1980), 61–3
  • D. Gill: Mandores and Colachons, GSJ, xxxiv (1981), 130–41
  • D. Gill: Alternative Lutes: the Identity of 18th-Century Mandores and Gallichones, The Lute, xxvi (1986), 51–62
  • D. Gill: The Skene Mandore Manuscript, The Lute, xxviii (1988), 19–33
  • D. Gill: Intabulating for the Mandore: Some Notes on a 17th-Century Workbook, The Lute, xxxiv (1994), 28–36
  • C. Hunt: History of the Mandolin; Mandolin World News Vol 4, No. 3, 1981
  • A. Koczirz: Zur Geschichte der Mandorlaute; Die Gitarre 2 (1920/21), p.&nbsp
  • Marin Mersenne: Harminie Universelle: The Books on Instruments, Roger E. Chapman trans. (The Hague, 1957)
  • E. Pohlmann: Laute, Theorbe, Chitarrone; Bremen, 1968 (19825)
  • M. Prynne: James Talbot's Manuscript, IV: Plucked Strings – the Lute Family, GSJ, xiv (1961), 52–68
  • James Tyler: The Mandore in the 16th and 17th Centuries, Early Music, Vol 9 No 1, pp 22–31, Jan. 1981
  • James Tyler and Paul Sparks: The Early Mandolin, Oxford, 1989
  • James Tyler: The Early Guitar: a History and Handbook (London, 1980)
  • James Tyler and P. Sparks: The Early Mandolin: the Mandolino and the Neapolitan Mandoline (Oxford, 1989)

References

  1. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  2. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  3. ^ "Mandore [Mandorre."]. http://www.law-guy.com/dummygod/Entries/S17611.htm#S17611. Retrieved 2010-11-11. 
  4. ^ Nikolova, Kőnemann (2000). The Illustrated Enclyclopedia of Musical Instruments From all eras and regions of the world. Bulgaria: Kibea Publishing Company. p. 164. ISBN 3-8290-6079-3. 
  5. ^ Whitney, William Dwight (1906). The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. New York: The Century Company. p. 3606. http://books.google.com/books?id=FBIDAAAAYAAJ&dq=century%20dictionary%2C%20mandore&pg=PA3606#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  6. ^ Whitney, William Dwight (1906). The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. New York: The Century Company. p. 3606. http://books.google.com/books?id=FBIDAAAAYAAJ&dq=century%20dictionary%2C%20mandore&pg=PA3606#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  7. ^ "Mandore [Mandorrehttp://musicaviva.com/instruments/gallery/display.html?serienr=863."]. http://musicaviva.com/instruments/gallery/display.html?serienr=863. Retrieved 2010-11-20. 
  8. ^ Nikolova, Kőnemann (2000). The Illustrated Enclyclopedia of Musical Instruments From all eras and regions of the world. Bulgaria: Kibea Publishing Company. p. 164. ISBN 3-8290-6079-3. 
  9. ^ "Mandore [Mandorre."]. http://www.law-guy.com/dummygod/Entries/S17611.htm#S17611. Retrieved 2010-11-11. 
  10. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  11. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  12. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  13. ^ Tyler, James (January 1981). "The Mandore in the 16th and 17th Centuries". Early Music 9 (1): 31. JSTOR 3126587. 
  14. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 8–14. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  15. ^ Dave Hynds. "Mandolins: A Brief History". http://www.mandolinluthier.com/history.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-31. 
  16. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  17. ^ "Mandore [Mandorre."]. http://www.law-guy.com/dummygod/Entries/S17611.htm#S17611. Retrieved 2010-11-11. 
  18. ^ Mark Alburger. "Music History, Thursday January 13, 8535, Giorgio Mianerio (1535-1582) — Old and New". http://markalburgermusichistory.blogspot.com/8535_01_01_archive.html. Retrieved 2010-11-11. 
  19. ^ The Victoria and Albert Museum. "Mandore Boissart". http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/furniture/furniture_features/musical_instruments/objects/object.php?id=7&id2=1&action=&hits=&page=&pages=&object_type=&country=&start_year=&end_year=&object=&artist=&maker=. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
  20. ^ Barbara Pommerenke-Steel. "A brief History of the mandolin". http://www.banjomandolinguitar.org/mandolin_hist1.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-14. 
  21. ^ Didier Le Roux and Jean-Paul Bazin. "History of the Mandolin: The French baroque : the mandore". http://www.ensemble-gabriele-leone.org/egl/IMG/html/histomando_en.html/history.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-06. 
  22. ^ The Victoria and Albert Museum. "Mandore Boissart". http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/furniture/furniture_features/musical_instruments/objects/object.php?id=7&id2=1&action=&hits=&page=&pages=&object_type=&country=&start_year=&end_year=&object=&artist=&maker=. Retrieved 2010-11-14. 
  23. ^ The Victoria and Albert Museum. "Mandore Boissart". http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/furniture/furniture_features/musical_instruments/objects/object.php?id=7&id2=1&action=&hits=&page=&pages=&object_type=&country=&start_year=&end_year=&object=&artist=&maker=. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
  24. ^ Tyler, James; Sparks, Paul (1992). The Early Mandolin. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-19-8163029. 
  25. ^ Tyler, James; Sparks, Paul (1992). The Early Mandolin. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-19-8163029. 
  26. ^ Tyler, James; Sparks, Paul (1992). The Early Mandolin. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0-19-8163029. 
  27. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 130. 
  28. ^ "Mandore [Mandorre."]. http://www.law-guy.com/dummygod/Entries/S17611.htm#S17611. Retrieved 2010-11-14. 
  29. ^ "Mandore [Mandorre."]. http://www.law-guy.com/dummygod/Entries/S17611.htm#S17611. Retrieved 2010-11-14. 
  30. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  31. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 130. 
  32. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 134. 
  33. ^ Praetorius, Michael; Crookes, David Z (1986) [1614]. Syntagma Musicum. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198162605. 
  34. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 130. 
  35. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  36. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 131. 
  37. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 131. 
  38. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 134. 
  39. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 133. 
  40. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 134. 
  41. ^ Tyler, James; Sparks, Paul (1992). The Early Mandolin. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-19-8163029. 
  42. ^ "Mandolin [mandola, mandoline, mandolino"]. http://www.law-guy.com/dummygod/Entries/S46239.htm#S46239.1. Retrieved 2010-11-18. 
  43. ^ Mitchell Hauptman. "Mandolin [mandola, mandoline, mandolino"]. http://www.law-guy.com/dummygod/Entries/S46239.htm#S46239.1. Retrieved 2010-11-18. 
  44. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  45. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  46. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  47. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  48. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  49. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  50. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 11, 14. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  51. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  52. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  53. ^ McDonald, Graham (2008). The Mandolin Project. Jamison, Australia: Graham McDonald Stringed Instruments. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0-9804762-0-0. 
  54. ^ Dauney, William (1838). The Ancient Melodies of Scotland. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh Printing Company. pp. 111–112. http://books.google.com/books?id=nfPWAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA58&ots=hGVSqd1seT&dq=Ancient%20Melodies%20of%20Scotland&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  55. ^ Mersenne, Marin; Chapman, Roger E (1957) [1635]. Harmonie Universelle. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 130–134. 
  56. ^ Frank Nordberg. "Mandour tunings". http://www.mandolin-player.com/instruments/lute/mandour/tunings.html. Retrieved 2010-11-17. 

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