Homicidal ideation

Homicidal ideation is a common medical term for thoughts about homicide. There is a range of homicidal thoughts which spans from vague ideas of revenge to detailed and fully formulated plans without the act itself.cite journal
last= Thienhaus
first= Ole J.
authorlink=
coauthors= Piasecki, Melissa
year= 1998
month= September
title= Emergency Psychiatry : Assessment of Psychiatric Patients' Risk of Violence Toward Others
journal= Psychiatric Services
volume= 49
issue= 9
pages= 1129-1147
id=
url= http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/49/9/1129
accessdate= 2008-04-30
quote= ] Many people who have homicidal ideation do not commit homicide. 50-91% of people surveyed on university grounds in various places in the USA admit to having had a homicidal fantasy.cite book
last = Duntley
first = Joshua D
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = "HOMICIDAL IDEATIONS"
series = PhD Dissertation
publisher = University of Texas
year = 2005
month = August
url = http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2005/duntleyj48072/duntleyj48072.pdf
format = pdf
doi =
accessdate = 2008-04-14] Homicidal ideation is common, accounting for 10-17% of patient presentations to psychiatric facilities in the USA.

Homicidal ideation is not a disease itself, but may result from other illnesses such as psychosis and delirium. Psychosis, which accounts for 89% of admissions with homicidal ideation in one US study, [cite journal
last = Stern
first = Theodore F
authorlink =
coauthors = Schwartz, Jonathon H; Cremens, M Cornelia; Mulley, Albert G
year = 2005
month = August
title = The evaluation of homicidal patients by psychiatric residents in the emergency room: A pilot study
journal = Psychiatric Quarterly
volume = 62
issue = 4
pages = 333-344
id =
url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/u338812n58421844/
accessdate = 2008-04-14] includes drug induced psychosis (e.g. amphetamine psychosis) and the psychoses related to schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia. Delirium is often drug induced or secondary to general medical illness(es) (see F05).

It may arise in association with personality disorders or it may occur in people who do not have any detectable illness. In fact, surveys have shown that the majority of people have had homicidal fantasies at some stage in their life. Many theories have been proposed to explain this.cite book
last = Carruthers
first = Peter
coauthors = Laurence, Stephen; Stich, Stephen
title = The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents
publisher = Oxford University Press
year = 2005
isbn = 9780195179675]

Violence risk

Homicidal ideation is noted to be an important risk factor when trying to identify a person's risk for violence. This type of assessment is routine for psychiatric patients [cite web |url= http://www.emedicine.com/Med/topic3358.htm|title= History and Mental Status Examination|accessdate= 2008-04-29|author= Brannon, Guy E.|last= Brannon|first= Guy|authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= 2008|month= 02|format= HTML|work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= ] or any other patients presenting to hospital with mental health complaints. There are many associated risk factors which include: history of violence and any thoughts of committing harm, poor impulse control and an inability to delay gratification, impairment or loss of reality testing, especially with delusional beliefs or command hallucinations, the feeling of being controlled by an outside force, the belief that other people wish to harm him or her, the perception of rejection or humiliation at the hands of others, being under the influence of substances or a past history of antisocial personality disorder, frontal lobe dysfunction or head injury. If a person has access to drugs, alcohol, or weapons at home, their risk of homicidal ideation or violence is increased. [cite web |url= http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=5632|title= Management of persons with psychoses.|accessdate= 2008-04-29|author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= 2004|month= May|format= HTML|work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= ]

Associated psychopathology

People who have homicidal ideation are at higher risk of other psychopathology than the normal population. This includes suicidal ideation, psychosis, delirium, or intoxication. [ cite journal
last = Asnis
first = Gregory
authorlink =
coauthors = Kaplan, Margaret; Hundorfean, Gabriela; Saeed, Waheed
year = 1997
month = June
title = Violence and homicidal behaviors in psychiatric disorders.
journal = The Psychiatric clinics of North America
volume = 20
issue = 2
pages = 405-425
id =
url =
accessdate = 2008-05-05
quote = ] It is well established that people with schizophrenia have an increased risk of committing violent acts, including homicide. [ cite journal
last = Walsh
first = Elizabeth
authorlink =
coauthors = Buchanan, Alec; Fahy, Thomas
year = 2002
month =
title = Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence
journal = British Journal of Psychiatry
volume = 180
issue =
pages = 490-495
id =
url = http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/180/6/490
accessdate = 2008-05-05
quote = ]

Homicidal Ideation may arise in relation to behavioural conditions such as Personality Disorder (particularly Conduct disorder and Antisocial personality disorder). A study in Finland shows an increased risk of violence from people who have antisocial personality disorder which is greater than the risk of violence from people who have schizophrenia. [ cite journal
last = Eronen
first = M
authorlink =
coauthors = Hakola, P; Tiihonen, J
year = 1996
month = June
title = Mental disorders and homicidal behavior in Finland.
journal = Archives of General Psychiatry
volume = 53
issue = 6
pages = 497-501
id =
url =
accessdate = 2008-05-05
quote = ] The same study also cites that many other mental illnesses are not associated with an increased risk of violence, of note: depression, anxiety disorders and intellectual disability.

Homicidal ideation may arise in people who are otherwise quite well, as is demonstrated by the fact that the greater majority of people within the general population have had homicidal fantasies. When triggering factors are sought regarding homicidal fantasies the majority seem to be linked in some way to the disruption of a couple relationship. Either jealousy or revenge, greed/lust or even fear and self defence prompt homicidal thoughts and actions in the majority of cases.cite book
last = Buss
first = David
authorlink = David Buss
title = The Murderer Next Door
publisher = Penguin Group
year = 2005
doi = 10.1177/1088767906292645
isbn = 1594200432] In a minority of cases there are homicides and violence related to mental illness. These homicides and fantasies do not seem to have the same underlying triggers as does homicide within the normal population, but when these trigger factors are present the risk for violence is greater than usual. [Citation
last=Stompe
first=Thomas
coauthors= Ortwein-Swoboda, Gerhard; Schanda, Hans
title=Schizophrenia, Delusional Symptoms, and Violence: The Threat/Control-Override Concept Reexamined
journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin
volume=30
issue=1
year=2004
pages=31-44
url=http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/31?ck=nck ]

People who present with homicidal ideation also have a higher risk of suicide. This mandates an assessment of suicide risk in people with thoughts of violence towards others.

Theories

A number of theories have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of homicidal ideation or homicide itself. Many of these theories seem to overlap. They often are not mutually exclusive. At present no single theory explains all the phenomena noted in homicide, although many theories go some way to explaining several areas. Most of these theories follow the reasoning of theories studied in criminology. A brief synopsis of theories specific to homicide follows.

Homicide adaptation

This is the most recent of evolutionary theories. It claims to explain most of the phenomena associated with homicide. It states that humans have evolved with adaptations that enable us to think of and/or plan homicide. We come up with the idea as a possible answer to our problem position (threat to ourselves, our mate or our resources) and include a range of thought processes regarding killer and victim (degree of relatedness, relative status, gender, reproductive values, size and strength of families, allies and resources) and the potential costs of making use of such a high penalty strategy as homicide. If homicide is determined to be the best solution strategy, then it might be functional.

By-product hypothesis ("slip up")

According to this hypothesis, homicide is considered to be a mistake or over-reaction. Normal psychological mechanisms for control of property, partner or personal safety may not appear to be sufficient under certain stressful circumstances and abnormal mechanisms develop. Particularly extreme expressions of this may occur leading to homicide where in the normal state the perpetrator would not behave in this manner.

References