Siege of Lisbon

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Siege of Lisbon
partof=the Reconquista
and the Second Crusade


caption="The Siege of Lisbon by D. Afonso Henriques" by Joaquim Rodrigues Braga (1840): a Romantic view
date=July 1 – October 24, 1147
place=Lisbon, Portugal
result=Decisive Portuguese victory
combatant1=rs
combatant2=Moors
commander1=Afonso I of Portugal
Henry Glanville, Arnold III of Aerschot, Christian of Ghistelles, Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, Saher of Archelle
commander2=Unknown
strength1= 13,000
*6,000 English
*5,000 Germans
*2,000 Flemish
strength2= ~7,000
casualties1=
casualties2=The Siege of Lisbon, from July 1 to October 25 of 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese control and expelled its Moorish overlords. The Siege of Lisbon was one of the only Christian victories of the Second Crusade and is seen as a pivotal battle of the wider Reconquista.

The Fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. In the spring of 1147, the Pope authorized the crusade in the Iberian peninsula. He also authorized Alfonso VII of León to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. In May 1147, the first contingents of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England for the Holy Land. Bad weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on 16 June 1147. There they were convinced to meet with King Afonso I of Portugal.

The crusaders agreed to help the Count attack Lisbon, with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners. The siege began on 1 July. After four months, the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender on 24 October, primarily due to hunger within the city. Most of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city, but some of the crusaders set sail and continued to the Holy Land. Lisbon eventually became capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1255.

econd Crusade

The Fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146. In the spring of 1147, the Pope also authorized a crusade in the Iberian peninsula, where the war against the Moors had been going on for hundreds of years. [The traditional start of the Reconquista is identified with the defeat of the Muslims at Covadonga in 722, see Riley-Smith (1990) p.32.] At the beginning of the First Crusade in 1095, Pope Urban II had urged Iberian crusaders (Portuguese, Castilians, Leonese, Aragonese and others) to remain at home, where their own warfare was considered just as worthy as that of crusaders travelling to Jerusalem. Eugene III encouraged Marseille, Pisa, Genoa, and other Mediterranean cities to fight in Iberia. He also authorized Alfonso VII of León to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade. [Riley-Smith (1990) p.48]

On 19 May 1147 the first contingents of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England, consisting of Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and some crusaders from Cologne, [Cologne was allied with London in the incipient wool trade: see Steelyard.] who collectively considered themselves "Franks". [This is the expression consistently used in the eye-witness chronicle of the siege, "De expugnatione Lyxbonensi", attributed in the sixteenth century to "Osbernus". The ms, titled "Historia Osberni" by a sixteenth-century annotator, is in the form of a letter, with a superscription "Osb. de Baldr. R salutem" that C. R. Cheney read as "to" "Osberto de Baldreseie" i.e. Bawdsley, Suffolk, from a certain "R."; see Cheney, "The Authorship of the" De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi "Speculum" 7.3 (July 1932:395-397).] No prince or king led this part of the crusade, England at the time was in the midst of The Anarchy. The fleet was commanded by Henry Glanville, Constable of Suffolk.Runciman (1951) p.258.] [Henry was a kinsman of Ranulf de Glanvill of Suffolk, Chief Justiciar of England under Henry II; the Norman name derives from Glanville, near Lisieux ("DNB", "s.v." "Ranulf de Glanvill").] Other crusader captains included Arnold III of Aerschot, Christian of Ghistelles, Simon of Dover, Andrew of London, and Saher of Archelle. [Phillips (2007) p.143.]

Redirected efforts

According to Odo of Deuil there were 164 ships bound for the Holy Land, and there may have been as many as 200 by the time they reached the Iberian shore. Bad weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on 16 June 1147. There they were convinced by the bishop, Pedro II Pitões, to meet with King Afonso of Portugal. The King, who had reached the Tagus River and conquered Santarém in March, had also been negotiating with the Pope for the recognition of his title of King. He was notified of the arrival of a first party and hastened to meet them.

The undisciplined multi-national group agreed to help him there, with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners. For the city, "they shall have it and hold it until it has been searched and despoiled, both of prisoners for ransom and of everything else. Then, when it has been as thoroughly searched as they wish, they shall turn it over to me..."Brundage (1962) pp.97-104] Afonso promised to divide the conquered territories as fiefs among the leaders. He reserved the power of "advocatus" and released those who were at the siege and their heirs trading in Portugal from the commercial tax called the "pedicata". The English crusaders were at first unenthusiastic, but Henry Glanville convinced them to participate. [The prominence of Henry Glanvill has suggested to some readers that Osbernus was an Anglo-Norman cleric with special attachment to him and his house.] Hostages were exchanged as sureties for the oaths.

Fall of Lisbon

The siege began on 1 July. The Christians soon captured the surrounding territories and besieged the walls of Lisbon itself, although the Muslim defenders were able to destroy their siege engines. After four months, the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender (21 October), primarily due to hunger within the city, which was sheltering populations displaced from Santarém as well as "the leading citizens of Sintra, Almada, and Palmela." [Osbernus, who adds "As a result the basest element from every part of the world had gathered there, like the bilge water of a ship, a breeding ground for every kind of lust and impurity."] After a brief riotous insurrection the Anglo-Norman chronicler attributes to "the men of Cologne and the Flemings", the city was entered by the Christian conquerors, on 25 October. The terms of the surrender indicated that the Muslim garrison of the city would be allowed to keep their lives and property, but as soon as the Christians entered the city these terms were broken.

According to the "Expugnatione Lyxbonensi",

Aftermath

Most of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city, and Gilbert of Hastings was elected bishop, but some of the crusaders set sail and continued to the Holy Land. In spite of the contractual nature of the city's surrender, a legend arose that the brave Portuguese warrior and nobleman, Martim Moniz, sacrificed himself in order to keep the city doors open to the conquering Christian armies. Lisbon eventually became capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1255. The victory was a turning-point in the history of Portugal and the wider Reconquista, which would be completed in 1492. [Riley-Smith (1990) p.126.]

ee also

*Lisbon Castle
*The Establishment of the Monarchy in Portugal
*Timeline of Portuguese history
**

Notes

References

*Runciman, Steven (1952) "A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187". Cambridge University Press.
*Brundage, James (1962) "The Crusades: A Documentary History". Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press.
*Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1990). "Atlas of the Crusades". New York: Facts on File.
*cite book|last= Phillips|first=Jonathan|title=The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom|location=|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|pages=

Further reading

*Odo of Deuil. "De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem". Edited and translated by Virginia Gingerick Berry. Columbia University Press, 1948.

*Kenneth Setton, ed. " [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=browse&scope=HISTORY.HISTCRUSADES A History of the Crusades] , vol. I". University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958.

*Osbernus "De expugnatione Lyxbonensi" or "The Capture of Lisbon" [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cap-lisbon.html On-line excerpt, in English] .