Hwang Woo-Suk

Infobox Korean name
hangul=황우석
hanja=黃禹錫
rr=Hwang U-seok
mr=Hwang U-sŏk

Hwang Woo-Suk (Korean: 황우석, born 29 January 1953)Sources disagree on the birthdate due to confusion between different calendar systems. Hwang was born on January 29, 1953 in the Gregorian calendar. However, older Koreans often list their birthdate in the lunisolar Korean calendar, which in this case is December 15, 1952. This date is sometimes repeated in English language media without specifying that it is in the Korean calendar, causing further confusion when the Gregorian year and Korean calendar month and day are used together to produce an incorrect birthdate of December 15, 1953. Sources specifying a December 15, 1952 birthdate include the [http://www.latimes.com/technology/la-fg-clone17dec17,1,3000843.story?coll=la-headlines-technology Los Angeles Times] and [http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/184100/1/.html Channel News Asia] . The [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/03/science/03comm.html Encyclopedia Britannica (via New York Times)] and [http://www.kast.or.kr/ENG/login/detail.asp?boardid=606&page=7 The Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology] cite the December 15, 1953 date. [http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/biz/200505/kt2005052622030311910.htm The Korea Times] states the birthdate is January 29, 1953.] is a South Korean [veterenarian] . He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who rose to infamy after claiming a series of questionable breakthroughs in the field of stem cell research. Until November 2005, he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field of stem cell research, best known for two articles published in the journal "Science" in 2004 and 2005 where he fraudulently reported to have succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. Both papers were later editorially retracted after they were found to contain a large amount of fabricated data. He has admitted to various lies and frauds.

On May 12, 2006, Hwang was "indicted on embezzlement and bioethics law violations linked to faked stem cell research." [ [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/12/world/asia/12korea.html?_r=1&oref=slogin New York Times] article "Disgraced Korean Cloning Scientist Indicted" published May 12, 2006] Korea Times reported on June 10, 2007 that "The university expelled him and the government rescinded its financial and legal support. While being charged with fraud and embezzlement, he has kept a low profile at the Suam Bioengineering Research Institute in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province, where he is officially engaged in animal cloning. The government barred Hwang from conducting human cloning research. [ [http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2007/06/129_4446.html Korea Times] article "Hwang Woo-suk to Resume Cell Cloning Abroad" published June 10, 2007]

Life

=Early day Woo Whang Suk grew up in the central Korean province of South Chungcheong. He worked at a farm to finance his studies when his widowed mother could not earn enough to provide for him and five other siblings. Hwang matriculated at the prestigious Seoul National University after graduating from Daejeon high school. It was later revealed that despite his professors urging that he become a medical doctor, Hwang chose to be a veterinarian. After earning his doctorate, Hwang briefly practiced veterinary medicine, before moving into the field of scientific research. His aim at the time was to create a genetically superior Korean cow. Eventually, he became a full-time researcher at his alma mater, Seoul National University.

Lifestyle

Every day, he would turn up at the laboratory at 6 AM and leave at midnight. Hwang would only get to see his wife at night. As he stated himself, "I work all day long. It is my habit and hobby. I am driven by the quest to find cures for the incurable." [ [http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=1942 Koreans Report Ease in Cloning for Stem Cells] Kolata, Gina. The Seoul Times. URL last accessed April 30th, 2006.] Hw has two sons from his first marriage in 1979 and a daughter from his second marriage in 1997. He divorced his first wife in 1988 while he was under treatment for liver cancer. [ [http://cafe.naver.com/woosuknews/27 황우석통신 :: 네이버 카페 ] ] He was a Roman Catholic, but he converted to Buddhism after he visited Jeondeung Temple in Ganghwa-do, a part of Incheon, in 1987. Hwang stated that he meditates daily for forty minutes. He would also occasionally take time off to visit the temple to pray. Hwang also commented on his reverence towards Buddhist monks: "I would have been a monk if I did not become a scientist. I respect their way of life."

Timeline

Hwang first caught media attention in South Korea when he announced he successfully created a cloned dairy cow, "Yeongrong-i" in February 1999. His alleged success was touted as the fifth instance in the world in cow cloning, with a notable caveat: Hwang failed to provide scientifically verifiable data for the research, giving only media sessions and photo-ops. Hwang's next claim came only two months later in April 1999, when he announced the cloning of a Korean cow, "Jin-i," also without providing any scientifically verifiable data. Despite the notable absence of any of the scientific data needed to probe the validity of the research, Hwang's several claims were well received by the South Korean media and public, who were attracted by Hwang's claim of immeasurable economic prospect that his research was said to be promising. Until 2004, Hwang's main area of research remained in creating genetically-modified livestock that included cows and pigs. During that period, Hwang claimed to have created a BSE-resistant cow, which hasn't been verified yet, and he also claimed that he will clone a Siberian tiger sometime soon, a promise that hasn't been fulfilled.

In February 2004, Hwang and his team announced that they had successfully created an embryonic stem cell with the somatic cell nuclear transfer method, and published their paper in the March 12 issue of "Science". [cite journal | author=Hwang WS, "et al." | title=Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst | journal=Science | year=2004 | pages=1669–74 | volume=303 | issue=5664 | pmid=14963337 | doi=10.1126/science.1094515] Although Hwang had already established himself as an expert in animal cloning and secured celebrity status in South Korea in the late 90s, his alleged sudden success came as a surprise because this was the first reported success in human somatic cell cloning. Until Hwang's claim, it was generally agreed that creating a human stem cell by cloning was next to impossible due to the complexity of primates. Hwang explained that his team used 242 eggs to create a single cell line.

Hwang's team announced an even greater achievement a year later in May 2005, and claimed they had created 11 human embryonic stem cells using 185 eggs. His work, published in the June 17 issue of "Science", [cite journal | author=Hwang WS, "et al." | title=Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts | journal=Science | year=2005 | pages=1777–83 | volume=308 | issue=5729 | pmid=15905366 | doi=10.1126/science.1112286] was instantly hailed as a breakthrough in biotechnology because the cells were allegedly created with somatic cells from patients of different age and gender, while the stem cell of 2004 was created with eggs and somatic cells from a single female donor. This meant every patient could receive custom-made treatment with no immune reactions. In addition, Hwang's claim meant that his team had boosted their success rate by 14 times and that this technology could be medically viable.

Hwang made further headlines in May 2005 when he criticized U.S. President George W. Bush's policy on embryonic stem cell research. Also, Time magazine named Hwang one of its "People Who Mattered 2004," stating that Hwang "has already proved that human cloning is no longer science fiction, but a fact of life." [ [http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/personoftheyear/people/hwang_woo_suk.html TIME Magazine: People Who Mattered 2004: Dr. Hwang Woo Suk ] ]

Following on the alleged earlier success, on August 3, 2005, Hwang announced that his team of researchers had become the first team to successfully clone a dog. The dog, an Afghan Hound, was named "Snuppy".

Shortly after his so-called groundbreaking 2005 work, Hwang was appointed to head the new World Stem Cell Hub, a facility that was to be the world's leading stem cell research centre. However, in November 2005, Gerald Schatten, a University of Pittsburgh researcher who had worked with Hwang for two years, made the surprise announcement that he had ceased his collaboration with Hwang. In an interview, Schatten commented that "my decision is grounded solely on concerns regarding oocyte (egg) donations in Hwang's research reported in 2004." Following an intense media probe, Roh Sung-il, one of Hwang's close collaborators and head of "MizMedi Women's Hospital", held a news conference on November 21.

During the conference Roh admitted that he had paid women US$1,400 each for donating their eggs, eggs that were later used in Hwang's research. However, Roh claimed Hwang was unaware of this, while the South Korean Ministry of Health assured that no laws or ethical guidelines had been breached as there were no commercial interests involved in this payout. Hwang maintained that he was unaware that these actions were happening during the research and he resigned from his post.

On November 22, "PD Su-cheop" (Producer's Notebook), a popular MBC investigative reporting show, raised the possibility of unethical conduct in the egg cell acquiring process. Despite the factual accuracy of the report, news media as well as people caught up in nationalistic fervor in their unwavering support for Hwang asserted that criticism of Hwang's work was "unpatriotic," so much so that the major companies who were sponsoring the show immediately withdrew their support.

On November 24, Hwang held a press conference in Seoul, in which he declared his intention of resigning from most of his official posts.

He also apologized for his actions. In the interview he said, "I was blinded by work and my drive for achievement." He denied coercing his researchers into donating eggs and claimed that he found out about the situation only after it had occurred.

He added that he had lied about the source of the eggs donated to protect the privacy of his female researchers, and that he was not aware of the Declaration of Helsinki, which clearly enumerates his actions as a breach of ethical conduct.

After the press conference, which was aired on all major South Korean television networks, most of the nation's media outlets, government ministries, and the public gave support to Hwang. Sympathy for Hwang poured out, resulting in an increase in the number of women who wanted to donate their eggs for Hwang's research.

On December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. [ [http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=1452913 University: Hwang Lied About Stem Cells] Lim, Bo-Mi. ABC News international. URL last accessed April 30, 2006.] The university announced on January 10, 2006 that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers on "Science" were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, "Science" retracted both of Hwang's papers on unconditional terms. [Donald Kennedy. Editorial retraction. doi|10.1126/science.1124926]

On January 12, 2006 Hwang held a press conference to apologize for the entire fiasco, but still did not admit to cheating. Instead, he explicitly put the blame on other members of his research project for having deceived him with false data and alleged a conspiracy, saying that his projects had been sabotaged and that there was theft of materials involved. He said that cloning human stem cells was possible and that he had the technology to do it, and if he were given six more months he could prove it. This is an extension of the "ten days" he said he needed to re-create the stem cells that he asked for back on December 16, 2005. Seoul prosecutors raided his home that day for files and evidence, to start a "criminal investigation" of Hwang.

On January 20, 2006 Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos. The allegation involves the lines Hwang claims to have created at Seoul-based MizMedi Hospital. [ [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10940784/from/RSS/ S. Korea widens stem cell probe] MSNBC. URL last accessed May 1, 2006 ]

Hwang's laboratory technique

In the late 1990s, the method that scientists used in cloning was somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is the same procedure that was used to create Dolly the sheep. This laboratory technique begins when an egg is taken from a donor and the nucleus is removed from the egg, creating an enucleated egg. A cell, which contains DNA, is then taken from the animal being cloned. The enucleated egg is then fused together with the nucleus of the cloning subject's cell using electricity. This creates an embryo, which is implanted into a surrogate mother through in vitro fertilization. If the procedure is successful, then the surrogate mother will give birth to a baby that is a clone of the cloning subject at the end of a normal gestation period. The success rate is only about one or two out of 100 embryos. It took 277 attempts to create Dolly.

Hwang allegedly used this technique at his laboratory in SNU to clone dogs during his experiments throughout the early 2000s. He claimed that it was possible to clone mammals and that probability for success can be better than 1 in 277 attempts (as in similar cases such as Dolly). Although much of Hwang's animal cloning work conspicuously lacked any supporting papers, Hwang's cloned dog, Snuppy, was featured in an August 2005 issue of "Nature" [cite journal | author=Hwang WS, "et al." | title=Dogs cloned from adult somatic cells | journal=Nature | year=2005 | pages=641 | volume=436 | issue=7051 | pmid=16079832 | doi=10.1038/436641a] and shown to be genuine in January 2006.

Hwang's intention to develop better techniques on cloning was focused on stem cells because they are still at an early stage of development and retain the potential to turn into many different types of cell and when they divide, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function.

According to Hwang and many other scientists, it should be possible to harness this ability to turn stem cells into a super "repair kit" for the body, theoretically to use stem cells to generate healthy tissue to replace that either damaged by trauma or compromised by disease. Among the conditions and illnesses, according to Hwang and his team, which may eventually be treated by stem cell therapy are Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns and spinal cord damage.

Controversies

Until late November 2005, Hwang was criticized only for unpublicized ethical violations. Colleagues and media outlets asserted that he had paid female donors for egg donations and that he had received donations from two junior researchers, both of which were violations. Later controversies would center around scientific misconduct.

His team, which cloned the first human embryo to use for research, said they had used the same technology to create batches of embryonic stem cells from nine patients. According to Hwang, the result was much more efficient than they had hoped.Hwang's integrity as a researcher was again put in doubt when it was revealed that "PD Su-cheop" scheduled a follow-up report questioning his achievement published in "Science" in June 2005, which stated he had cloned 11 lines of embryonic stem cells. This caused furious backlash among many South Koreans, and the reaction only intensified when it was discovered that Kim Sun-Jong, one of Hwang's researchers from MizMedi, was coerced by illegal means to testify against Hwang. As a result, the scheduled broadcast was canceled and the network even made a public apology to the nation, everyone more or less operating under the assumption that the show was at fault and not Hwang. Yet, other news outlets began to question Hwang's claims.

Close scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell. Hwang responded that these additional photos were accidentally included and that there was no such duplication in the original submission to "Science". This was later confirmed by the journal, but what happened next would overshadow this event.

Researchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked "Science" to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were "allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated"."

In the midst of national confusion, Hwang disappeared from public sight, to be hospitalized days later for alleged stress-related fatigue, while public opinion gradually began to turn against Hwang with even the major Korean companies who pulled their support from "PD Su-Cheop" reportedly now less than pleased with Hwang. Days later, Hwang started going to his laboratory while requesting Seoul National University to officially conduct a probe to the allegations surrounding him.

The scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who collaborated on that paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that "Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication," and that he, Hwang, and another coauthor had asked "Science" to withdraw the paper. [cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4532128.stm | title=S Korea stem cell success 'faked' | publisher=BBC | date=15 December 2005] Adding fuel to the fire, MBC broadcasted the content of the canceled "PD Su-cheop" show, which substantiated Roh's claim.

On the same day, [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1409361 ABC news] reported that "Science" had not yet received an official request from Hwang to withdraw the paper, and it had refused to remove Schatten's name from the paper, stating, "No single author, having declared at the time of submission his full and complete confidence in the contents of the paper, can retract his name unilaterally, after publication."

Several prominent scientists, including Ian Wilmut, who cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, and Bob Lanza, a cloning expert based in Worcester, Massachusetts, did call on Hwang to submit his paper to an outside group for independent analysis---essentially, the same test used to determine parenthood for children of questionable legitimacy. Lanza noted, "You can't fake the results if they're carried out by an independent group. I think this simple test could put the charges to rest."

Two major press conferences were held on Korean networks on December 16, one with Hwang followed by the other with his former colleague, Roh Sung-il. Hwang started his press conference by claiming that the technology to make stem cells exists, which is not an explicit statement that the stem cell lines he featured in his paper to "Science" were not fakes. He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable "artificial mistakes." He said that there was a problem with the original lines caused by contamination, and if he were given ten more days he could re-create the stem cell lines. He accused Dr. Kim Sun-Jong, a former collaborator, of "switching" some of the stem cell lines.

Despite Hwang's claim, in another press conference held only minutes later, Roh Sung-il rebutted Hwang's accusation, saying Hwang was blackmailing MizMedi and Kim Sun-jong. He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang is simply untrustworthy.

Public opinion appears to be that Hwang was dancing around the issue of whether his work was faked or not.

"Roh Sung-il, chairman of the board at Mizmedi Hospital, told KBS television that Hwang had agreed to ask the journal Science to withdraw the paper, published in June to international acclaim. Roh was one of the co-authors of the article that detailed how individual stem cell colonies were created for 11 patients through cloning. Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three. [...] University of Pittsburgh researcher Gerald Schatten has already asked that Science remove him as the senior author of the report, citing questions about the paper's accuracy. Seoul National University announced this week it would conduct an internal probe into Hwang's research." [ [http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-SKorea-Stem-Cell.html?hp&ex=1134709200&en=35da3ed8763374e3&ei=5094&partner=homepage] ]

Some scientists have started questioning Hwang's earlier work published in "Science" in February 2004 in which he claimed to have cloned embryonic stem cells. Maria Biotech head Park Se-pill said, ``Up until now, I have believed Hwang did derive cloned embryonic stem cells although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells...Now, I am not sure whether the cloned stem cell really existed.’’ [ [http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/tech/200512/kt2005121916411411780.htm Page Error : 찾으시는 Page의 URL이 잘못되었거나 없습니다 ] ]

On July 26, 2006, Hwang said in testimony that he spent part of 500 million won in private donations in attempts to clone extinct Russian mammoths and Korean tigers. [ [http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=6&key=2006072630 Kbs Global ] ]

Official probe by Seoul National University and the confirmation of fraud

An internal panel was set up in Seoul National University to investigate the allegation, and the probe was started on December 17, 2005. The panel sealed off Hwang's laboratory and conducted a thorough investigation, collecting testimonies from Hwang, Guang Gao, Roh and other people that were involved with the scandal. On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed. The panel stated that Hwang's misconduct is "a grave act damaging the foundation of science." Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.

The panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that there are no patient-matched embryonic stem cells in existence and that Hwang's team doesn't have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells have ever been made. [cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4566154.stm | title=New blow to S Korea clone work | date=29 December 2005 | publisher=BBC]

In its final report published on January 10, 2006, the panel reaffirmed its previous findings while announcing additional discoveries. [ [http://www.snu.ac.kr:6060/sc_sne_b/news/1196178_3497.html] ] The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab. In addition, the panel discovered that Hwang's team was supplied with 2,061 eggs in the period of November 28, 2002 to December 8, 2005. Hwang's claim of not having known about the donation of eggs by his own female researchers was also denied by the panel; in fact, it was discovered that Hwang himself had distributed egg donation consent forms to his researchers and personally escorted one to the MizMedi Hospital to take the egg extraction procedure.

The panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated and decided the stem cell discussed in the paper may have been generated by a case of parthenogenetic process. Although Hwang's team didn't rule out the possibility of parthenogenetic process in the paper, the panel said, his team didn't make any conscientious effort to probe the possibility through the tests available.

Chung Myunghee, the head of the panel, said at a news conference that the panel is not in a position to investigate Hwang's claim of his stem cells having been switched with MizMedi's, but added that such a claim is incomprehensible when there is no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.

The panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers and that it is "an act of deception targeted to both scientific community and general public." However, the panel confirmed that Hwang's team actually succeeded in cloning a dog they named Snuppy. (See also "Nature" 439:122-123)

Hwang's announcement of resignation and the official dismissal

On December 23, 2005 Hwang apologized for "creating a shock and a disappointment" and announced that he was resigning his position as professor at the university. [ [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20051223/ap_on_sc/skorea_stem_cell] Dead link|date=March 2008] However, Hwang maintained that patient-matched stem cell technology remains in South Korea, and his countrymen shall see it.

Seoul National University said Hwang's resignation request will not be accepted, citing a university regulation which dictates an employee under investigation may not resign from a post. This regulation is effected to prevent premature resignations by investigated employees, which would allow them to avoid full retributions according to the findings of the investigation (and perhaps avoid involuntary termination), while reaping the benefits of the more honorable and lucrative voluntary resignation.

On February 9, 2006, the university suspended Hwang's position as the university's professor, together with six other faculty members who participated in Hwang's team. [cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4697210.stm | publisher=BBC | title=S Korea cloning expert suspended | date=10 February 2006] Subsequently, Hwang was dismissed from the university on March 20, 2006.

The indictment of Hwang and five of his collaborators

On May 12, 2006, Hwang was indicted on charges of fraud, embezzlement and breach of the country's bioethics law, without physical detention. Prosecutors also brought fraud charges against the three stem cell researchers. He embezzled 2.8 billion won ($3 million) out of some 40 billion won in research funds for personal purposes and the illegal purchase of ova used in his experiments.

The prosecution also said Hwang's three associates involved in his stem cell research, Yoon Hyun-soo, Lee Byeong-chun and Kang Sung-keun, also misappropriated tens of millions of won in research money. Investigators have been tracking 24.6 billion won to find out how the research money was spent. It was part of Hwang's 36.9 billion won research funds raised through state support and private donations. Investigators said Hwang used bank accounts held by relatives and subordinates in 2002 and 2003 to receive about 475 million won from private organizations. He allegedly laundered the money by withdrawing it all in cash, breaking it up into smaller amounts and putting it back in various bank accounts. Hwang also withdrew 140 million won in August 2001 to buy gifts for his sponsors, including politicians and other prominent social figures, before Chusok holidays, according to prosecutors. He also allegedly misappropriated around 26 million won in research funds in September 2004 to buy a car for his wife. Hwang is suspected of embezzling 600 million won, provided by a private foundation, on multiple occasions from 2001 to 2005 for personal use. Prosecutors are also accusing him of illegally paying some 38 million won to 25 women who provided ova for his research through Hanna Women's Clinic in the first eight months of 2005. They also said Hwang gave several dozen politicians about 55 million won in political funds on numerous occasions from 2001 to 2005. He allegedly provided 14 million won to executives of large companies that provided financial support for his research. The prosecution added Hwang wired about 200 million won to a Korean American, identified only as Kang, in September 2005 and received the same amount in U.S. currency from him when the scientist visited the United States two months later. Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results. Meanwhile, investigators said Lee Byeong-chun and Kang Sung-keun, both professors of veterinary science at Seoul National University, embezzled about 300 million won and 100 million won each in state funds by inflating research-related expenses. Yoon Hyun-soo, a biology professor at Hanyang University, also embezzled 58 million won from the research fund managed by MizMedi Hospital. [http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200605/kt2006051218295711960.htm]

Parthenogenesis

On August 2, 2007, after much independent investigation, it was revealed that Hwang's team succeeded in extracting cells from eggs that had undergone parthenogenesis. Hwang claimed he and his team had extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos, however further examination of the cells' chromosomes show the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research. The process may offer a way for creating stem cells that are genetically matched to a particular woman for the treatment of degenerative diseases. [ [http://www.theregister.com/2007/08/03/hwang_parthenogenesis/ Stem cell fraudster made 'virgin birth' breakthrough | The Register ] ]

The news of the breakthrough came just a month after an announcement from the International Stem Cell Corporation (ISC), a California based stem cell research company, that they had successfully created the first human embryos through parthenogenesis. Although the actual results of Hwang's work were just discovered, those embryos were created by him and his team before February 2004, when the fabricated cloning results were announced, which would make them the first to successfully perform the process. Jeffrey Janus, president and director of research for ISC, agrees that "Dr. Hwang's cells have characteristics found in parthenogenetic cells" but remains cautious, saying "it needs more study." [cite web
url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=237595F7-E7F2-99DF-35090887F28D418A&chanID=sa003
title=Korean Cloned Human Cells Were Product of "Virgin Birth"]

outh Korea's response to controversies

outh Korean government's involvement in the scandal

After having acquired a celebrity status in South Korea, Hwang actively sought to establish every possible tie to political and economic institutions in the country. Hwang especially tried to win favor from the Roh Moo-hyun government, which in turn was suffering from a lack of popular support and wanted to demonstrate its competency by creating and promoting an exemplary policy success.

Hwang approached Park Ki-young, a former biology professor, then appointed as the Information, Science and Technology Advisor for the President, and put her as one of the co-authors in his 2004 Science paper. Ties with Park yielded a favorable environment for Hwang in the government, as a non-official group consisting of high-ranking government officials was created to support Hwang's research that includes not only Hwang and Park, but also Kim Byung-joon, "Chief National Policy Secretary", and Jin Dae-je, "Information and Communications minister". The group was dubbed as "Hwang-kum-pak-chui," a loose acronym made from each member's family names which means "golden bat" in Korean.

After Hwang's paper was published in Science in 2005, support for Hwang came in full swing. In June 2005, the Ministry of Science and Technology selected Hwang as the first recipient of the title Supreme Scientist, an honor worth US$15 million. [ [http://www.hani.co.kr/section-010100007/2005/06/010100007200506241345557.html ‘제1호 최고과학자’에 황우석 교수 : 과학 : IT과학 : 인터넷한겨레 ] ] Hwang, having already claimed the title of POSCO Chair Professor worth US$ 1.5 million, secured more than US$ 27 million worth of support in that year. [ [http://www.chosun.com/politics/news/200512/200512210305.html 정부 98년 이후 황우석 지원금 658억원 - 조선닷컴 ] ]

President Roh had been acquainted with Hwang since 2003, and made a number of comments intended to protect Hwang from potential bioethical issues. In June 18, 2004, Roh awarded Hwang a medal and said, "it is not possible nor desirable to prohibit research, just because there are concerns that it may lead to a direction that is deemed unethical." In another instance at the opening of World Stem Cell Hub on October 19, 2005, Roh remarked, "politicians have a responsibility to manage bioethical controversies not to get in the way of this outstanding research and progress." [ [http://www.pressian.com/scripts/section/article.asp?article_num=60051215234251&s_menu=%C1%A4%C4%A1 관점이 있는 뉴스-프레시안 ] ]

On December 5, 2005, after "PD Su-cheop" stirred a national controversy, Cheong Wa Dae reaffirmed its unflinching support for Hwang and his research team. Roh said, "We'll continue to support Professor Hwang. We hope he will return to his research lab soon for the sake of people with physical difficulties and the public," according to presidential spokesman Kim Man-soo.

While implying the controversies over MBC-TV's forceful methods used to gather information from Hwang's former junior staff members, Roh said, "The disputes will be resolved gradually and naturally through following scientific research and study. We hope the ongoing disputes over Hwang's achievement will be settled without further trouble." [ [http://www.korea.net/news/news/newsView.asp?serial_no=20051205029 Cheong Wa Dae reaffirms support for Hwang Woo-suk | Korea.net News ] ]

It was alleged that advisor Park Ki-young deliberately avoided to report Roh about details of Hwang's allegation for misconduct, while emphasizing a breach of journalist ethics by MBC. Park, after weeks of silence for her role in the controversy, announced her intent to resign from the advisor post on January 10, 2006.

On January 11, 2006, the national post office stopped selling post stamps commemorating Hwang's research. The title of Supreme Scientist awarded to Hwang was revoked on March 21, 2006, after Hwang was dismissed from Seoul National University the day before.

Lawmakers' response

On December 6, 2005 a group of 43 lawmakers from the ruling and opposition parties inaugurated a body to support cloning pioneer Hwang Woo-suk. Members of the group, dubbed the "lawmakers’ group supporting Professor Hwang Woo-suk", pledged to help Hwang continue his experiments in pursuit of a scientific breakthrough.

"There are many lawmakers who, regardless of party affiliation, want to support Hwang. We will join forces to help Hwang devote himself to his studies," Rep. Kwon Sun-taik of the ruling Uri Party said in a news conference at the National Assembly, who was also the leader of the group.

He said the group will seek to establish bioethics guidelines and come up with supporting measures for biotechnology researchers in the country. Among those who have joined the group were Reps. Kim Hyuk-kyu, Kim Young-choon and Kim Sung-gon of the ruling party, Kim Hyong-o of the main opposition Grand National Party (GNP) and Kim Hak-won, chairman of the United Liberal Democrats.

Some female lawmakers participated in a civic group for voluntary egg donations for therapeutic research, which opened in November 2005 following the egg procurement scandal.

Reps. Song Young-sun and Chin Soo-hee of the GNP said they would provide their eggs to Hwang’s research team. Meanwhile, the ruling and opposition parties called on the Korean Broadcasting Commission to thoroughly investigate the staffers of MBCs PD Notebook which broadcast a documentary program critical of Hwang with coercive tactics in interviews, and reprimand them. [ [http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200512/kt2005120617530311990.htm Page Error : 찾으시는 Page의 URL이 잘못되었거나 없습니다 ] ]

After most of Hwang's claims were confirmed fake on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers. [ [http://www.hani.co.kr/kisa/section-001001000/2006/01/001001000200601101755311.html 황우석 ‘정치 후원금’…정계 ‘긴장’ : 정치일반 : 정치 : 뉴스 : 한겨레 ] ]

Return of "PD Su-Cheop" to the air in 2006

The investigative journalism show MBC "PD Su-Cheop (Producer's Notebook)" (Korean: PD수첩) returned to the air on January 3, 2006 and summarized the course of Hwang's scandal until that day. The show had been cancelled in retribution after it aired its momentous show that correctly accused Hwang of oddities in his research on November 22, 2005. Their last show of the year on November 29 covered other topics. It remained off the air for 5 weeks. The year's second show, aired on January 10, dealt further with the Hwang affair concentrating on several instances of Hwang's media-spinning tactics and South Koreans' gullibility with it, as was shown by the South Korean public, media and even president Roh. An apologetic viewership is expected to again make the show popular.

Rallies supporting Hwang

The same day many South Korean citizens rallied outside Hwang's laboratory; as more than 1,000 women pledged to donate their eggs for the scientist's research. [...] Hwang has been in seclusion since apologizing in November 2005, for ethical lapses in human egg procurement for his research. The symbolic event was as a gesture from Hwang's supporters that says they intend to donate their eggs with 1,000 of their members after they took egg-donation pledges online via their website. "Dr. Hwang will not be able to return to the lab, at least, until at the end of this week because he is extremely exhausted, mentally and physically," a key team member, Ahn Cu Rie, wrote in an e-mail to Reuters. [...] At Hwang's lab at Seoul National University, women left bouquets of the national flower, a Hibiscus called the Rose of Sharon, for the scientist along with notes of encouragement.

The stem cell research center that Hwang led before resigning said it hoped he would return, even though his lapses could hurt its efforts to work with other research institutions.

"So far more than 700 South Korean women have pledged to donate their eggs and the number is steadily rising," said Lee Sun-min, an official at a private foundation launched last week to promote egg donations. [...] Thousands of patients have applied to participate in the research, hoping the technology could help treat damaged spinal cords or diseases such as Parkinson's. On Tuesday, an official at the lab said it was hoped that Hwang would return.

"We're waiting for Hwang to assume the leadership after some rest," Seong Myong-hoon told a news conference. But Seong said the controversy could hurt the lab. That conclusion was reached after one of Hwang's close research partners, Ahn Cu-rie, returned Tuesday after a 10-day trip to meet with scientists in the United States and Japan, Seong said.

"The reaction of foreign scientists was that they understand what Dr. Hwang disclosed, but they cannot accept that without criticism," Seong said. "We can never be optimistic about cooperation with foreign institutions."

Seong added: "Researchers of our country were newly awakened to the fact that we have to take every precaution to ensure we don't fall behind international ethics (guidelines) while researching." [ [http://www.newsgd.com/culture/culturenews/200512020019.htm Disgraced stem cell pioneer seen as hero - Culture News - News Brief - Newsgd ] ]

"The only hope for us is Dr. Hwang. Don't trample on our one shred of hope," a woman whose son suffers from a severe kidney ailment told South Korean broadcaster YTN at the university. The woman also pledged to sell her eggs to Hwang.

Hundreds of South Koreans have offered to donate eggs for stem cell research in a show of support for cloning pioneer Hwang Woo-Suk despite his admitted ethical breaches.

Online ova donations

A website backed by Hwang's supporters began taking egg-donation pledges online since late November 2005 after Hwang resigned all his official posts at World Stem Cell Hub, relaying them to a clinic linked to Hwang's research team. The number of pledges had reached 725 by early December 2005.

Banners like "Please come back, doctor Hwang. I'm already dying to see you, professor Hwang," were put up on the homepage. [ [http://cafe.daum.net/ilovehws Daum - 카페 ] ]

The site also carried a photo of Hwang and his cloned dog, Snuppy, trimmed with images of the Rose of Sharon South Korea's national flower in an apparent appeal for patriotism. The national anthem played as background music.

Those who applied to donate ova included those with incurable illnesses or their family members, who hope that Hwang's research will eventually lead to cures, as well as just ordinary young, healthy women.

"Please don't give up, doctor Hwang. Your research is my only hope. You should take all of my ova if they help," Kim Yong-Hae, a 27-year-old disabled woman, said in a message, becoming the 487th donor.

"I'm a healthy 38-year-old woman who has not given birth to a child. I am impressed by Hwang's dedication. I want to give meaningful help to Hwang's great work," a would-be donor calling herself "Amidist" said in a message.

Opposition to Hwang's nationalist supporters

Although many popular message boards in South Korea were overwhelmed by Hwang's supporters with nationalist fervor, other boards provided a counterbalance, including BRIC (Biological Research Information Center) [http://bric.postech.ac.kr] , SCIENG (Scientists and Engineers' community) [http://www.scieng.net/v2/index.php] and DC Inside Science Gallery [http://gall.dcinside.com/list.php?id=science] .

A member of BRIC, a website dedicated to biologists, first discovered the discrepancies in DNA analysis data in Hwang's paper and made them public. Other members followed suit, uncovering the fact that many photos presented in the paper were also fabricated.

The Science Gallery of DC Inside, a popular internet forum in South Korea, also contributed to the revelation of Hwang's misconduct by discovering yet more problems in the paper and pointed out fallacies in Hwang and his supporters' claims. DC Inside's effort was instrumental in debunking Hwang's falsification to the public.

References and notes

See also

* Hwa-Byeong
* List of geneticists and biochemists
* List of Korea-related topics
* List of Koreans
* Scientific misconduct, including a list of science scandals.

External links

* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15905366&query_hl=8&itool=pubmed_docsum Pubmed entry for the controversial paper on embryonic stem cells]
* [http://www.snu.ac.kr/ICSFiles/afieldfile/2006/01/10/report.pdf Final report published by Seoul National University Investigation Committee (in Korean)]
* [http://www.snu.ac.kr:6060/sc_sne_b/news/1196178_3497.html English summary of the SNU final report]

Persondata
NAME=Hwang Woo-Suk
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Hwang U-seok (Revised Romanization); 황우석 (Hangul); 黃禹錫 (Hanja)
SHORT DESCRIPTION=South Korean scientist
DATE OF BIRTH=29 January 1953
PLACE OF BIRTH=Buyeo County, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea
DATE OF DEATH=
PLACE OF DEATH=