Arcaicam Esperantom

Infobox Language
name = Arcaicam Esperantom
nativename = Arcaicam Esperantom
pronunciation =
region = none
speakers =ndash
script = Latin
creator = Manuel Halvelik
date=
familycolor = constructed language
notice = nonotice

Arcaicam Esperantom ("Archaic Esperanto") is a constructed language created to act as a fictional 'Old Esperanto,' in the vein of languages such as Old English or the use of Latin citations in modern texts. It was created by Manuel Halvelik as part of a range of stylistic variants including "Gavaro" (a slang), "Popido" (a patois) and a scientific vocabulary closer to Greco-Latin roots.

The idea of an "old Esperanto" was proposed by the Hungarian poet Kalman Kalocsay" [http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/bulteno/1199.html#4 Elektronika Bulteno de EASL] " includes the short story "La Mezepoka Esperanto" from "Lingvo Stilo Formo", 2nd cheap edition, Kalman Kalocsay, Budapest, Literatura Mondo, 1931.] who in 1931 included a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text (12th century), with hypothetic forms as if Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin.Another possibility for Esperanto authors looking for archaism is the Proto-Esperanto, the first sketches created by L.L. Zamenhof before deciding on the 1887 standard.

Differences between Esperanto and Arcaicam Esperantom

pelling

* "c" becomes "tz"
* "ĉ" becomes "ch"
* "f" becomes "ph"
* "ĝ" becomes "gh"
* "ĥ" becomes "qh"
* "j" becomes "y"
* "ĵ" becomes "j"
* "k" becomes "qu" (before e, i) or "c" (before other letters)
* "ŝ" becomes "sh"
* "ŭ" becomes "ù" (but see below regarding "-aŭ")
* "v" becomes "w"

Pronouns

* "mi" becomes "mihi"
* "vi" becomes "tu" (singular) or "wos" (plural)
* "li" becomes "lùi"
* "ŝi" becomes "eshi"
* "ĝi" becomes "eghi"
* "si" becomes "sihi"
* "ni" becomes "nos"
* "ili" becomes "ilùi"

* There is a new pronoun "egui" which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun. Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, etc.

Verbs

* The infinitive ends in "-ir", rather than in the "-i" of modern Esperanto. Ex.: "fari" becomes "pharir".

* The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.

Ex: The modern Esperanto verb "esti" (to be), present tense:
* "mi estas"
* "vi estas"
* "li/ŝi/ĝi estas"
* "ni estas"
* "vi estas"
* "ili estas"

The Arcaicam Esperantom verb "estir" (to be), present tense:
* "(mihi) estams"
* "(tu) estas"
* "(lùi/eshi/eghi/egui/sihi) estat"
* "(nos) estaims"
* "(wos) estais
* "(ilùi) estait"

The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:

* The future-tense conjugation "estos" becomes "estoms", etc.
* The past-tense conjugation "estis" becomes "estims", etc.
* The conditional-mood conjugation "estus" becomes "estums", etc.

The imperative mood behaves differently to that pattern:

* The imperative form "estu" stays "estu" for singular subjects, but becomes "estuy" for plural subjects.

Grammatical cases

El sustantivo

* "-o" becomes "om" (sg. noun, nominative)
* "-oj" becomes "oy" (pl. noun, nominative)
* "-on" stays "-on" (sg. noun, accusative)
* "-ojn" becomes "-oyn" (pl. noun, accusative)
* "al "x"-o", "kun "x"-o" becomes x"-od" (sg. noun, dativendash ex.: "al domo" becomes "domod")
* "al "x"-oj", "kun "x"-oj" becomes x"-oyd" (pl. noun, dativendash ex.: "al domoj" becomes "domoyd")
* "de "x"-o" becomes x"-es" (sg. noun, genitivendash ex.: "de domo" becomes "domes")
* "de "x"-oj" becomes x"-eys" (pl. noun, genitivendash ex.: "de domoj" becomes "domeys")
* "-e" becomes "-œ" (adverb) (This is a new phoneme, not present in modern Esperanto. It is pronounced like the German "ö".)
* "-aŭ" becomes "-ez" ("-aŭ"-adverb such as "baldaŭ", etc.)
* "-a" becomes "-am" (sg. adjective, nominative)
* "-aj" becomes "-ay" (pl. adjective, nominative)

Nouns

* A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: "Glawom" = "(la) glavo".

* The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix" -ado". The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending. Ex: "Legirom" = "(la) legado".

Correlatives

* "ki-" becomes "cuy-"
* "ti-" becomes "ity-"
* "i-" becomes "hey-"
* "nen-" becomes "nemy-"
* "ĉi-" becomes "chey-"
* "ali-" becomes "altri-"

(Note: "Ali-", which in modern Esperanto is not actually a correlative despite its use in that fashion by some, becomes in Arkaika Esperanto as "altri-" a full-fledged correlative.)

* "-o" becomes "-om"
* "-a" becomes "-am"
* "-am" becomes "-ahem"
* "-e" becomes "-œ"
* "-om" becomes "-ohem"
* ("-u" stays "-u")
* ("-el" stays "-el")

* the particle "ĉi" becomes "is-" ("ĉi tiu" = "isityu")

Articles

* The definite article "la" does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of "ityu" (in modern Esperanto "tiu").

* The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is "unn" (which is the same word for the number 1).

Examples

* "(Mihi) ityon bonœ comprenams." - I understand that well.
* "Tempom phughat".ndash Ovid
* "Amom cheyon wencat." --Virgil
* "Ityel pasat mondes Glorom."ndash Thomas à Kempis
* "Ritmom estat in Tempom cuyom estat Simetrom in Spatzom."ndash Cicero
* "Wenims, widims, wenquims."ndash Julius Caesar

The Lord's Prayer

"Patrom nosam, cuyu estu in Chielom,
"Estu sanctigitam Tuam Nomom.
"Wenu Tuam Regnom,
"Plenumizzu Tuam Wolom,
"Cuyel in Chielom, ityel anquez sobrez Terom.
"Nosid donu hodiez Panon nosan cheyutagan,
"Ed nosid pardonu nosayn Pecoyn,
"Cuyel anquez nos ityuyd cuyuy contrez nos pecait pardonaims.
"Ed nosin ned conducu in Tenton,
"Sed nosin liberigu ex Malbonom.
"Amen."

Romeo ed Julieta

"Sed haltu: cuyam Lumom traradiat
"Ityun Phenestron? Yemen orientom,
"Ed Julieta estat memes Sunom!
"Lewizzu, belam Sunom, ed mortigu
"Enwian Lunon, cuyu tristœ palat,
"Char tu, Serwantom eshiam, estas yam
"Plid belam ol eshi memes. Ned estu plud
"Eshiam Serwantom, se eshi tuin enwiat:
"Eshiam westalam Robom estat werdam
"Ed malsanetzam, ed solœ Pholuloy
"Wolontœ eghin portait. Eghin phorjetu.
"Yemen Damom miham; ho, yemen Amom miham!
"Se nur ityon eshi stziut!"

References

* Halvelik, Manuel
**"Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom". - Brugge : Sonorilo, 1969. - 122 pages
** " [http://users.skynet.be/uniespo/Tekstoj/ARKAIKA%20ESPERANTO%20MS%201.4.pdf Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom] ". - 1.4 (2005) edition - 261 pages. Downloadable as a 12-MB PDF file.