Lohengrin

Lohengrin is a character in some German Arthurian literature. The son of Parzival (Percival), he is a knight of the Holy Grail sent in a boat pulled by swans to rescue a maiden who can never ask his identity. His story is a version of the Knight of the Swan legend.

Lohengrin first appears as "Loherangrin," the son of Parzival and Condwiramurs in Wolfram von Eschenbach's "Parzival". ["Parzival." XVI.824 ff. [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/germanica/Chronologie/13Jh/Wolfram/wol_pa16.html] ] Loherangrin and his twin brother Kardeiz join their parents in Munsalväsche when Parzival becomes the Grail King; Kardeiz later inherits their father's secular lands, and Loherangrin remains in Munsalväsche as a Grail Knight. Members of this order are sent out in secret to provide lords to kingdoms that have lost their protectors and Loherangrin is eventually called to this duty in Brabant, where the duke has died without a male heir. His daughter Elsa fears the kingdom will be lost, but Loherangrin arrives in a boat pulled by a swan and offers to defend her, though he warns her she must never ask his name. He weds the duchess and serves Brabant for years, but one day Elsa asks the forbidden question. He explains his origin and steps back onto his swan boat, never to return. The Knight of the Swan story was previously only known from tales of Godfrey of Bouillon's ancestry and Wolfram's reasons for incorporating it into "Parzival" are not obvious, though it is not the only altered version of a popular story he uses in his narrative (he makes Prester John the son of his character Feirefiz).

The story was picked up and expanded in the late 13th century "Lohengrin" by a certain "Nouhusius" or "Nouhuwius," who changed the character's name and tied the romance's Grail and Swan Knight elements into the history of the Holy Roman Empire. [Kalinke, Marianne E. (1991). "Lohengrin". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.), "The New Arthurian Encyclopedia", pp. 281–282. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.] The story follows Wolfram closely but adds certain details (Princess Elsa's questioning of her husband occurs only after prodding by an antagonist who spreads rumors that Lohengrin is not of noble blood) that extends the material into a full romance. In the 15th century, the story was taken up again for the anonymous "Lorengel". [Kalinke, Marianne E. (1991). "Lorengel". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.), "The New Arthurian Encyclopedia", pp. 282–283. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.] This version does not include the taboo against asking the protagonist about his mysterious origin and Lorengel and his princess can live happily ever after.

In 1848, Richard Wagner adapted the tale into his popular opera "Lohengrin", arguably the work through which Lohengrin's story is best known today. [Toner, Frederick L. (1991). "Richard Wagner". In Norris J. Lacy, "The New Arthurian Encyclopedia", pp. 502–505. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.] Lohengrin appears to defend Princess Elsa of Brabant from the false accusation of killing her younger brother (who turns out to be alive and returns at the end of the opera). According to Wagner the Grail imbues the Knight of the Swan with mystical powers that can only be maintained if their nature is kept secret; hence the danger of Elsa's question. The most famous piece from "Lohengrin" is the "Bridal Chorus" ("Here Comes the Bride"), still played at many Western weddings.

Notes

References

*Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (1991). "The New Arthurian Encyclopedia". New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
*Wolfram von Eschenbach; Hatto, A. T. (translator) (1980). "Parzival". New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044361-4