Emancipation Memorial

The Emancipation Memorial, also known as the Freedman’s Memorial or the Emancipation Group, and sometimes referred to as the "Lincoln Memorial" before the present more prominent so-named memorial was built, is a monument in Lincoln Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C. [ [http://www.american.edu/bgriff/dighistprojects/wym/Rodney_3.htm] American University: Great Emancipator, Supplicant Slave: The Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln] [ [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc87.htm] National Park Service: Lincoln Park]

Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876, the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the "Great Emancipator" freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander. The ex-slave is depicted crouching shirtless and shackled at the president's feet. [ [http://www.nps.gov/archive/abli/hrs/hrs2b.htm Abraham Lincoln Birthplace] ] [ [http://www.american.edu/bgriff/dighistprojects/wym/Rodney_3.htm] American University: Great Emancipator, Supplicant Slave: The Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln]

The monument has long been the subject of controversy. According to information from American University:

If there is one slavery monument whose origins are highly political, the Freedman’s memorial is it. The development process for this memorial started immediately after Abraham Lincoln’s assassination and ended, appropriately enough, near the end of Reconstruction in 1876. In many ways, it exemplified and reflected the hopes, dreams, striving, and ultimate failures of reconstruction. [ [http://www.american.edu/bgriff/dighistprojects/wym/Rodney_3.htm] American University: Great Emancipator, Supplicant Slave: The Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln]

Despite being paid for by African Americans, because of the supplicant and inferior position of the Black figure, historian Kirk Savage in 1997 condemned it as "a monument entrenched in and perpetuating racist ideology". [ [http://www.mansfield.edu/~art/Papyrus2IvyClaricelincoln_memorial.htm Mansfield University of Pennsylvania: Lincoln Memorial (Savage, "Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves", p. 119.)] ]

Funding

The funding drive for the monument began, according to much publicized newspapers accounts from the era, with $5 given by former slave Charlotte Scott of Virginia to her former master for the purpose of creating a memorial honoring Lincoln. [Kirk Savage, "Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America" (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997) pg. 90]

The Western Sanitary Commission, a St. Louis-based volunteer war-relief agency run by white people, got involved and raised some $20,000 before announcing a new $50,000 goal. [Kirk Savage, "Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America" (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997) pg. 92]

According to the National Park Service:

The campaign for the Freedmen's Memorial Monument to Abraham Lincoln, as it was to be known, was not the only effort of the time to build a monument to Lincoln; however, as the only one soliciting contributions exclusively from those who had most directly benefited from Lincoln's act of emancipation it had a special appeal...The funds were collected solely from freed slaves (primarily from African American Union veterans)... [ [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc87.htm] National Park Service: Lincoln Park] [That the monument was paid for "solely" by free slaves, with not a single dollar coming from a White person or a Black person who had never been a slave, may be an idealistic claim.]

The turbulent politics of the reconstruction era affected the fundraising campaign on many levels. The “Colored People’s Educational Monument Association” headed by Henry Highland Garnet wanted the monument to be a very utilitarian one -- a school where freedmen could elevate themselves through learning. Fredrick Douglass, thinking the goal of education incommensurate with that of remembering Lincoln, disagreed. [Kirk Savage, "Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997) pg. 93]

Design and construction

Harriet Hosmer proposed a grander monument than that suggested by Thomas Ball. Her design, which was ultimately deemed too expensive, posed Lincoln atop a tall central pillar flanked by smaller pillars topped with Black Civil War soldiers and other figures. [ [http://www.american.edu/bgriff/dighistprojects/wym/Rodney_3.htm] American University: Great Emancipator, Supplicant Slave: The Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln]

When Ball's design was finally chosen, the commission insisted on certain changes. Instead of wearing a liberty cap, the slave in the revised monument is depicted bare-headed with tightly curled hair. The face was re-sculpted to look like Archer Alexander, an ex-slave whose life story was popularized through a biography written by William Greenleaf Eliot.

Compared to the original design, in which Lincoln’s hand seems to awaken the slave to his new freedom and to the realization that his shackles are gone, the current memorial is more of an amalgamation of approaches. It is no longer allegorical but realistic. In fact, Lincoln never met Archer Alexander, so it is historically inaccurate. While the original design poses a question —will this slave become a man? — the revision erases that query and instead implies a relationship between two men who never actually knew each other. [ [http://www.american.edu/bgriff/dighistprojects/wym/Rodney_3.htm] American University: Great Emancipator, Supplicant Slave: The Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln with footnote indicating Kirk Savage, Standing "Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997) pg. 78, 115]

In the final design, as in Ball's original design, Lincoln holds a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation in his right hand. The document rests on a plinth bearing patriotic symbols including George Washington's profile, the fasces of the American republic, and a shield emblazoned with the stars and stripes. The plinth replaces the pile of books in Ball's original design. Behind the two figures is a whipping post draped with cloth. A vine growns around the pillory and around the ring where the chain was secured. [ [http://www.american.edu/bgriff/dighistprojects/wym/Rodney_3.htm] American University: Great Emancipator, Supplicant Slave: The Freedman’s Memorial to Abraham Lincoln. In the description given here it says the slave's "arms are separated in an attempt to break his chains" when, in fact, the statue does not depict chains nor even a position suggesting physical exertion.] [ [http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0000222.htm] Lincoln Park: Emancipation Memorial in Washington, DC by Thomas Ball]

The monument was cast in Munich in 1875 and shipped to Washington the following year. Congress accepted the statue as a gift from the "colored citizens of the United States" and appropriated $3,000 for a pedestal upon which it would rest. The statue was erected in Lincoln Park where it still stands. [ [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc87.htm] National Park Service: Lincoln Park]

Dedication

A plaque on the monument names it as "Freedom's Memorial in grateful memory of Abraham Lincoln" and reads:

This monument was erected by the Western Sanitary Commission of Saint Louis Mo: With funds contributed solely by emancipated citizens of the United States declared free by his proclamation January 1 A.D. 1863. The first contribution of five dollars was made by Charlotte Scott. A freedwoman of Virginia being her first earnings in freedom and consecrated by her suggestion and request on the day she heard of President Lincoln's death to build a monument to his memory [ [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc87.htm] National Park Service: Lincoln Park]

References