Big Inch

The Big Inch and its companion project, the Little Big Inch were petroleum pipelines constructed during 1942 and 1943 as an emergency war measure from Texas to New Jersey. Until World War II, petroleum products had been transported from the oil fields of Texas to the northeastern United States by oil tanker. With the entry of the United States into the war, this vital link was attacked by U-boats, threatening both the supplies to the eastern United States and onward transshipment to Great Britain. The Inch pipelines were conceived as a way to transport increased quantities of petroleum by a secure, interior route, with the additional benefit of freeing tankers for other tasks. At the time of their construction, they were the longest petroleum pipelines ever built.

The pipelines were first proposed in 1940 by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, when it became apparent that large-scale shipment of oil by sea would become untenable in time of war. By 1941, planning was initiated, with construction the following year. Two lines were built by the quasi-public War Emergency Pipelines, Inc. (WEP).

The Big Inch was a twenty-four inch pipeline for crude oil, running from the East Texas Oil Field at Longview, Texas to an interim terminal at Norris City, Illinois, and later extended to Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. At Phoenixville, the line branched into twenty-inch diameter segments, one serving New York and terminating at Linden, New Jersey, and the other serving Philadelphia and terminating at Chester Junction, Pennsylvania. The Little Big Inch was a largely parallel twenty-inch diameter line intended for refined products that ran from Beaumont, Texas to Little Rock, Arkansas, where it joined the path of the Big Inch. From there it ran along the same right-of-way as the Big Inch to New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

The first crude oil arrived at Phoenixville via the Big Inch on 14 August 1943, and the first refined product in the Little Big Inch arrived on 2 March 1944. The lines were capable of transporting in excess of 300,000 barrels of oil per day, and the lines were among the largest industrial consumers of electricity in the United States [Texas Eastern, p. 41] .

WEP

WEP was a consortium of the largest oil companies in the United States and included the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Cities Service Oil Company, Gulf Oil Corporation, Atlantic Refining Company, Tidewater Associated Oil Company, Consolidated Oil Corporation, Shell Oil Company, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Sun Oil Company, Pan American Petroleum and Transportation Company and the Texas Pipe Line Company [Texas Eastern, p. 16] . While the WEP was in charge of building and operating the lines, they were owned by the federal Defense Plant Corporation [ [http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/BB/dob8.html TSHA Online - Texas State Historical Association ] ]

Name

Until the 1930s, steel pipe did not exceed twelve inches (305 mm) in diameter. Advances in technology led to "big inch" pipe in diameters of up to twenty-four inches [Texas Eastern, p. 12] .

Sale

The Inch Lines were transferred to the War Assets Administration on 2 December, 1946 for disposal [Texas Eastern, p. 41] . Pending sale, the lines were leased and used for natural gas transmission. On 8 February, 1947, the pipelines were sold to the Texas East Transmission Corporation for $143,127,000, the largest disposal of war-surplus property following World War II. [Texas Eastern, p. 42] [ [http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/BB/dob8.html TSHA Online - Texas State Historical Association ] ] . TETCO immediately began to convert the pipelines for permanent use as natural gas transmission lines. However in 1957, the Little Big Inch was converted back to use for petroleum products [Texas Eastern, p. 42] .

See also

PLUTO

References

Citation
last = Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation
first =
author-link =
last2 =
first2 =
author2-link =
title = The Big Inch and Little Big Inch Pipelines: The Most Amazing Government-Industry Cooperation Ever Achieved
date =
year = 2000
url = http://www.culturalresourcegroup.com/pdf/inchlines.pdf
accessdate = 2007-12-23

Notes

External links

* [http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/BB/dob8.html Handbook of Texas Online]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802860,00.html Big Inch Comes Through, Time Magazine]
* [http://www.achp.gov/pipelinepa.html Preservation and documentation of the Inch Lines]