Even and odd ordinals

In mathematics, even and odd ordinals extend the concept of parity from the natural numbers to the ordinal numbers. They are useful in some transfinite induction proofs.

The literature contains a few equivalent definitions of the parity of an ordinal α:

• Every limit ordinal (including 0) is even. The successor of an even ordinal is odd, and vice versa.^[1][2]
• Let α = λ + n, where λ is a limit ordinal and n is a natural number. The parity of α is the parity of n.^[3]
• Let n be the finite term of the Cantor normal form of α. The parity of α is the parity of n.^[4]
• Let α = ωβ + n, where n is a natural number. The parity of α is the parity of n.^[5]
• If α = 2β, then α is even. Otherwise α = 2β + 1 and α is odd.^[5][6]

Unlike the case of even integers, one cannot go on to characterize even ordinals as ordinal numbers of the form β2 = β + β. Ordinal multiplication is not commutative, so in general 2β ≠ β2. In fact, the even ordinal ω + 4 cannot be expressed as β + β, and the ordinal number

(ω + 3)2 = (ω + 3) + (ω + 3) = ω + (3 + ω) + 3 = ω + ω + 3 = ω2 + 3

is not even.

A simple application of ordinal parity is the idempotence law for cardinal addition (given the well-ordering theorem). Given an infinite cardinal κ, or generally any limit ordinal κ, κ is order-isomorphic to both its subset of even ordinals and its subset of odd ordinals. Hence one has the cardinal sum κ + κ = κ.^[2][7]

References

1. ^ Bruckner, Andrew M., Judith B. Bruckner, and Brian S. Thomson (1997). Real Analysis. pp. p. 37. ISBN 013458886X. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Salzmann, H., T. Grundhöfer, H. Hähl, and R. Löwen (2007). The Classical Fields: Structural Features of the Real and Rational Numbers. Cambridge University Press. pp. p. 168. ISBN 0521865166. 
3. ^ Foran, James (1991). Fundamentals of Real Analysis. CRC Press. pp. p. 110. ISBN 0824784537. 
4. ^ Harzheim, Egbert (2005). Ordered Sets. Springer. pp. p. 296. ISBN 0387242198. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Kamke, Erich (1950). Theory of Sets. Courier Dover. pp. p. 96. ISBN 0486601412. 
6. ^ Hausdorff, Felix (1978). Set Theory. American Mathematical Society. pp. p. 99. ISBN 0828401195. 
7. ^ Roitman, Judith (1990). Introduction to Modern Set Theory. Wiley-IEEE. pp. p. 88. ISBN 0471635197.