Francis Gary Powers

Francis Gary Powers (August 17, 1929 – August 1, 1977) was an American pilot whose CIA [ [http://www.foia.cia.gov/powers.asp CIA FOIA - Francis Gary Powers: U-2 Spy Pilot Shot Down by the Soviets ] ] U-2 spy plane was shot down while over the Soviet Union, causing the 1960 U-2 incident.

Biography

Early life

Powers was born in Jenkins, Kentucky, with Melungeon ancestry, and raised in Pound, Virginia, on the Virginia-Kentucky border. After graduating from Milligan College in Eastern Tennessee, he was commissioned in the United States Air Force in 1950. Upon completing his training (52-H) he was assigned to the 468th Strategic Fighter Squadron at Turner Air Force Base, Georgia as an F-84 Thunderjet pilot. He was assigned to operations in the Korean War, but (according to his son) was recruited by the CIA because of his outstanding record in single engine jet aircraft, soon after recovering from an illness. cite book |last= Powers |first= Francis Gary |coauthors= Curt Gentry |title= Operation Overflight |publisher= Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |year= 1971 |month= May | isbn= 978-0340148235 | isbn= 978-1574884227] By 1960, the 31-year old Powers was already a veteran of many covert aerial reconnaissance missions.

The U-2 incident

He left the Air Force with the rank of captain in 1956, to join the CIA U-2 program. U-2 pilots carried out espionage missions using a spy plane that could reach altitudes above 70,000 feet, essentially making it invulnerable to Soviet anti-aircraft weapons of the time. The U-2 was equipped with a state-of-the-art camera designed to snap high-resolution photos from the edge of the atmosphere over hostile countries that included the Soviet Union. These cameras systematically photographed military installations and other important intelligence targets.

Soviet intelligence, including the KGB, had been well aware of U-2 missions since 1956, but lacked the technology to launch counter-measures until 1960. Powers’ U-2, which departed from a military airbase in Peshawar and may have received support from the US Air Station at Badaber, near Peshawar in Pakistan, was shot down by an S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Surface to Air) missile [ [http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/s75.htm S-75 ] ] on May 1 1960, over Sverdlovsk. Soviets had shadowed his plane from a lower altitude, then took him down as he crossed over Sverdlosk, which was deep in enemy territory. To make matters worse, Powers was unable to activate the plane's self-destruct mechanism, as instructed, before he parachuted to the ground, right into the hands of the KGB.

When the U.S. government learned of Powers' disappearance over the Soviet Union, it issued a cover statement claiming that a "weather plane" had crashed down after its pilot had "difficulties with his oxygen equipment." What U.S. officials did not realize was that the plane crashed almost fully intact, and the Soviets recovered its photography equipment, as well as Powers, whom they interrogated extensively for months before he made a [http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=tdihVideoCategory&id=52645&HPF_rid=9121459&HPF_mid=1180_T1_Url3 "voluntary confession"] and public apology for his part in U.S. espionage. Ultimately the whole incident would set back the peace talks between Khrushchev and Eisenhower for years. On August 17, 1960, Powers was convicted of espionage against the Soviet Union. He was sentenced to a total of 10 years in prison, three years of imprisonment followed by seven years of hard labor. However, on February 10 1962, twenty-one months after his capture, he was exchanged along with American student Frederic Pryor in a spy swap for Soviet KGB Colonel Vilyam Fisher (aka Rudolf Abel) at the Glienicke Bridge in Berlin, Germany.

Test pilot

Though Powers had not divulged details of the U-2 program, he received a cold reception upon his return to the United States. Initially, he was criticized for having failed to activate his aircraft’s self-destruct charge designed to destroy the camera, photographic film, and related classified parts of his aircraft before capture. In addition, others criticized him for deciding not to use an optional CIA-issued suicide pin. This pin, which was concealed in a hollowed out silver dollar, could be used to avoid pain and suffering in case of torture. After being debriefed extensively by the CIA, Lockheed, and the USAF, on March 6 1962, he appeared before a Senate Armed Services Select Committee hearing chaired by Senator Richard Russell and including Senators Prescott Bush and Barry Goldwater, Sr. During the proceeding it was determined that Powers followed orders, did not divulge any critical information to the Soviets, and conducted himself “as a fine young man under dangerous circumstances.”

After his return, Powers worked for Lockheed as a test pilot from 1963 to 1970. In 1970, he co-wrote a book titled "Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident". He then became an airborne traffic reporter for radio station KGIL in the San Fernando Valley, and was known for his unique sign off “Gary Powers, KGIL skywatch” when he finished his report. He was then hired by Los Angeles television station KNBC to pilot their new "telecopter", a helicopter equipped with externally mounted 360 degree cameras. Powers died on August 1, 1977, when, upon his return from covering brush fires in Santa Barbara county, his helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed just a few miles from Burbank Airport where he was based. KNBC cameraman George Spears was also killed in the incident. Many have wondered or speculated on how an experienced pilot such as Powers could have allowed the aircraft to run out of fuel. Allegedly Powers knew his helicopter had a fuel gauge error. When Powers fuel gauge indicator displayed "Empty", he actually had enough fuel for thirty minutes of flight time remaining. Apparently an aviation mechanic fixed the fuel gauge in the KNBC helicopter, but Powers was not told of the correction. When he was returning to Burbank from the aforementioned brush fire coverage (live helicopter coverage now being common and ubiquitous throughout Southern California for brush fires and other breaking news) Powers fuel gauge displayed "Empty", but thinking he had thirty minutes of flight time remaining, he continued flying and subsequently crashed in a field in the Sepulveda Dam Recreation Area. Eyewitnesses suggested that Powers attempted to autorotate the helicopter onto recreational fields at this location. However, he intentionally banked to avoid children on the fields and ultimately crashed the helicopter into an adjacent agricultural field, resulting in the aircraft rolling and the occupants' deaths. Powers was survived by his wife Sue, and two children, Dee and Francis Gary Powers Jr.. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

In 1998, information was declassified revealing that Powers’ fateful mission had actually been a joint USAF/CIA operation. In 2000, on the 40th anniversary of the U-2 Incident, his family was finally presented with his posthumously awarded Prisoner of War Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross and National Defense Service Medal. In addition, then CIA Director George Tenet authorized Powers to posthumously receive the CIA "Director's Medal" for extreme fidelity and courage in the line of duty.

According to his son, when asked how high he was when flying on May 1, 1960, Powers would often reply, "not high enough".

Cultural references

*Francis Gary Powers was mentioned several times in the 1991 film "Final Approach" starring James Sikking ("Hill Street Blues") and Hector Elizondo ("Pretty Woman")
*Francis Gary Powers was portrayed by Lee Majors in a 1976 movie, "Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident" that dramatized the incident of 1960.
*Francis Gary Powers was the subject of the song "Ballad Of Francis Powers (There's a Star Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere)" recorded by Red River Dave (Dave McEnery) in 1960.
*The nuclear power plant in the 1996 Off-Broadway musical Zombie Prom was named after Francis Gary Powers.
*The Cold War Museum (www.coldwar.org) was founded by Francis Gary Powers Jr. in 1996. The museum has a mobile exhibit on the U-2 Incident that currently travels internationally promoting The Cold War Museum.
*Powers plays a small role in Don DeLillo's novel "Libra".

References

Further reading

*Nigel West, "Seven Spies Who Changed the World". London: Secker & Warburg, 1991 (hard cover). London: Mandarin, 1992 (paperback).
*Sergei N. Khrushchev, "Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower". State College, PA: Penn State Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0271019277.
*Francis Gary Powers, Curt Gentry, "Operation Overflight". Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1971 (hard cover) ISBN 978-0340148235. Potomac Book, 2002 (paperback) ISBN 978-1574884227.

External links

* [http://www.foia.cia.gov/search.asp?pageNumber=1&freqReqRecord=GaryPowers.txt CIA FOIA documents on Gary Powers]
* [http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/U2Incident/u2documents.html Documents and Photographs regarding the U-2 Spy Plane Incident of 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
* [http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Powers-N4TV.htm Check-Six.com - The Crash of Francis Gary Powers' Helo]
* [http://www.oldgazette.ru/lib/pauers/index.html Transcripts of the Soviet court trial] (in Russian)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm 1962 Russia frees US spy plane pilot]