Lovaas technique

LOVAAS technique, a form of treatment guided by applied behavior analysis, is a therapy for children diagnosed with autism or related disorders. The technique consists of an intensive behavioral intervention which is carried out early in the development of autistic children. It involves discrete-trial teaching, breaking skills down into their most basic components and rewarding positive performance. It was also known for its use of aversives to punish unwanted behaviors.

Effectiveness

Lovaas was developed by O. Ivar Lovaas based on research performed by Lovaas and his assistants. [Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal intellectual and educational functioning in autistic children. "Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology", 55, 3-9.] This research reported that 47% of those children that had received 30–40 hours of intensive therapy were mainstreamed into regular classrooms, and were classified as "indistinguishable" from their peers in follow-up studies. Although subsequent studies have shown that intensive behavioral therapy clearly benefited children with autism, Lovaas's original claims of effectiveness were overstated. [cite journal |journal= Dev Med Child Neurol |year=2005 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=493–99 |title= Autism interventions: a critical update |author= Francis K |pmid=15991872 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=313204 |format=PDF |doi= 10.1017/S0012162205000952] A 2005 California study found that early intensive behavior analytic treatment, a form of ABA, was substantially more effective for preschool children with autism than the mixture of methods provided in many programs;cite journal |author=Howard JS, Sparkman CR, Cohen HG, Green G, Stanislaw H |title=A comparison of intensive behavior analytic and eclectic treatments for young children with autism |journal=Res Dev Disabil |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=359–83 |year=2005 |pmid=15766629 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2004.09.005] this study did not use random assignment or a uniform assessment protocol, and provided limited information about the intervention, making it difficult to replicate. [cite journal |author= Schoneberger T |year=2006 |title= EIBT research after Lovaas (1987): a tale of two studies |journal= J Speech-Lang Pathol Appl Behav Anal |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=207–7 |url=http://behavior-analyst-today.com/SLP-ABA-VOL-1/SLP-ABA-1-3.pdf |format=PDF]

Aversives

While the therapy has always relied principally on positive reinforcement of preferred behavior, Lovaas's original technique also included more extensive use of aversives such as striking, shouting, or using electrical shocks. [cite news |author= Moser D, Grant A |title= Screams, slaps and love |date=1965-05-07 |work= Life] These procedures have been widely abandoned for over a decade. A review of literature by autistic activist Michelle Dawson asserts that the method has become less effective since these stimuli were abandoned. [cite web | url = http://www.sentex.net/~nexus23/naa_aba.html | title = The Misbehaviour of Behaviourists: Ethical Challenges to the Autism-ABA Industry | accessdate = 2007-06-10 | last = Dawson | first = Michelle | authorlink = Michelle Dawson | date = 2004-01-18 Note that this is a self-published document, and has not been subject to a peer review.] Only one institution, the Judge Rotenberg Center, still employs electric shocks as aversives—a practice that continues to cause them considerable legal and political controversy.cite news | url =http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/school_of_shock.html | title = School of Shock|first =Jennifer | last = Gonnerman|publisher=Mother Jones Magazine|date=20 August 2007|accessdate=2007-12-22]

Practical considerations

A concern that parents have brought up regarding Lovaas is the cost, which in April 2002 amounted to about US$4,200 per month ($50,000 annually per child).cite journal | last = Elder | first = Jennifer Harrison | date = 2002 | journal = Journal of Neuroscience Nursing | url = http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-1827603/Current-treatments-in-autism-examining.html | title = Current treatments in autisms: Examining scientific evidence and clinical implications | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 67 | accessdate = 2007-07-23] In addition, the 20–40 hours per week intensity of the program, often conducted at home, may place additional stress on already challenged families.

References

External links

* [http://children-center.jp/ チルドレン・センター]
* [http://www.lovaas.com/ Lovaas Institute for Early Intervention]
* [http://www.mugsy.org/connor27.htm The Lovaas Approach Revisited]