Mogens Schou

Mogens Schou (24 November 1918 – 29 September 2005) was a Danish psychiatrist whose groundbreaking research into Lithium led to its utilization as a treatment for bipolar illness. His work ultimately benefited thousands of patients worldwide.

Early years

Schou was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 24 November 1918. His father was a psychiatrist and medical director of a large mental hospital. Schou chose to study medicine with a specific view to doing research on manic-depressive illness (now more commonly referred to as bipolar disorder). He graduated with a degree in medicine from the University of Copenhagen in 1944. After his training in clinical psychiatry he also studied experimental biology.

Research

Schou had a long and distinguished career dedicated to research on therapeutic uses of lithium rooted in his deep concern for all patients with mood disorders, initially inspired by the depression and manic-depressive illness that afflicted many of his relatives.

The psychopharmacological era began in earnest in 1949, with the article published by John Cade about the observed antimanic action of Lithium in Australia. Intrigued by these findings Schou, who in the meantime joined the Psychiatric Research Institute of the Aarhus University in Denmark, confirmed these findings in a double-blind placebo-controlled study with his co-workers. This marked the beginning of Schou's illustrious association with lithium.

Since then, there have been a number of interlinked research themes that run through Schou's work. In the 1960s, Schou and Poul Baastrup discovered that long-term lithium treatment prevents the recurrences of illness in bipolar and some unipolar patients and they were understandably exhilarated.

During the early 1960s, G. P. Hartigan, Poul Chr. Baastrup and Schou independently made sporadic observations that were suggestive of lithium also having prophylactic properties in manic-depressive illness. Subsequently, Baastrup and Schou joined together and in a non-blind lithium trial saw their preliminary observations confirmed. They even deemed the results so significant that they concluded that ‘lithium is the first drug demonstrated as a clear-cut prophylactic agent against one of the major psychoses’.

However, the Schou-Baastrup prophylaxis hypothesis was met with great resistance by British psychiatry. To Aubrey Lewis and Michael Shepherd, lithium was ‘dangerous nonsense’. Shepherd, seconded by Harry Blackwell, simply characterized it as ‘a therapeutic myth’, which, in their opinion, was based on ‘serious methodological shortcomings’ and ‘spurious claims’. Even terms such as unethical and unscientific were used. After painful consideration of the ethical aspects invoked, Schou and Baastrup undertook a unique double-blind trial of prospective-discontinuation design and with random allocation of manic-depressive patients (already on lithium) to lithium or placebo, unparalleled in psychiatry. It fully confirmed their hypothesis, published in The Lancet in 1970. Thus, lithium prophylaxis had also become established as evidence based. Lithium became the first-choice mood stabilizer in bipolar affective disorder.

He was aware of some of the limitations of lithium treatment. He welcomed the introduction of other prophylactic agents into the market. From the available observations he concluded, however, that anti-epileptics and atypical anti-psychotics act on different kinds of bipolar patients to lithium.^{[citation needed]}

After he discovered lithium's prophylactic action in mood disorders, he tirelessly researched all its aspects and did not spare any effort to make the treatment available to all those in need. Millions of patients with recurrent mood disorders benefited because of his research. In 1990, authorities on manic-depressive illness such as Fred Goodwin and Kay Redfield Jamison characterized the ground-breaking discovery of lithium prophylaxis as ‘one of the most important advances in modern psychiatry’.

He was an author of more than 500 publications, including texts, research papers, articles and book chapters. He was Emeritus Professor of the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov, Denmark.

Awards and honors

Schou had received many awards and honors. Schou published approximately 540 works on lithium and lithium therapy. Many international awards and honors were conferred on him:

• In 1974 he received the International Scientific Kitty Foundation Award (shared with Cade).
• In 1982 he received the John Cade Memorial Award.
• In 1987 he received the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award.
• In 1995 he received the International Society of Lithium Research’s Mogens Schou Prize for Lifetime Achievement.
• In 2000 he received the C.I.N.P’s Pioneers in Psychopharmacology Award.
• In 2001 he was the first recipient of The International Society For Bipolars’ Mogens Schou Award For Distinguished Contributions.
• In 2004 he received the NARSAD Lifetime Achievement Award.

He held several honorary doctorates and fellowships including an honorary doctorate from Charles University in Prague. In recognition of his accomplishments in bipolar medicine, he was made the Honorary President of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. At the same time, the Mogens Schou awards were created for presentation at the Society’s biennial International Conference on Bipolar Disorder.

References

• Grof, Paul (2006). "Mogens Schou (1918–2005)". Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (4): 891–892. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301018. http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v31/n4/full/1301018a.html. Retrieved 2008-08-02. 
• Schioldann, Johan (23 March 2006). "Obituary Mogens Schou 1918–2005". Australasian Psychiatry 14 (1): 116–117. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1665.2006.02239.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118565544/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2008-08-02. 
• Obituary Mogens Schou

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Name	Schou, Mogens
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Date of birth	24 November 1918
Place of birth
Date of death	29 September 2005
Place of death