Kerguelen Shag

Taxobox
name = Kerguelen Shag

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image_width = 220px
image_caption = Immature (top), adult (left), and chick
status =
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Pelecaniformes
familia = Phalacrocoracidae
genus = "Phalacrocorax"
species = "P. verrucosus "
binomial = "Phalacrocorax verrucosus"
binomial_authority = (Cabanis, 1875)
synonyms =
range_

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range_map_caption =

The Kerguelen Shag ("Phalacrocorax verrucosus") is a species of cormorant endemic to the Kerguelen Islands. Many authorities consider it a subspecies of the Imperial Shag.Citation | last = Nelson | first = J. Bryan | year = 2006 | title = Pelicans, Cormorants, and Their Relatives: The Pelecaniformes | publisher = Oxford University Press, U.S.A. | pages = 508–509, Plate 8 | isbn = 978-0-19-857727-0]

Range and habitat

This species nests on the coast of Grande Terre (the main island of the archipelago), on offshore islands, and on islands in the Golfe du Morbihan. It forages at sea throughout the archipelago, usually within 6 km (3.6 miles) of shore and especially in bays and inlets, though immatures have rarely been seen as far as 80 km (50 miles). Reports from Heard Island and western Australia may be of ship-assisted birds.

In the austral summer it feeds among kelp, sometimes at the bottom.

Description

The Kerguelen Shag is 65 cm (26 in) long with a wingspan of 110 cm (43 in), making it the smallest blue-eyed shag.citation | last1 = Enticott | first1 = Jim | last2 = Tipling | first2 = David | year = 1997| title = Seabirds of the World: The Complete Reference | publisher = Stackpole Books | page = 126 | isbn = 978-0-8117-0239-3] The adult's upperparts, tail, and thighs are metallic greenish black; the underbody to the throat is white; and the wing linings are brown. Some individuals have white patches on the back and wings. The head and the back of the neck are deep blue or purple, except that a black cap reaches below the eye to the chin and ear coverts. The face and throat pouch are dark brown, ornamented with yellow-orange tubercles. The bill is horn-colored or brown; the eyes are hazel. The legs and feet vary from dark brown to dark-blotched bright pink. Breeding adults have a little black erectile crest on the forehead, yellow or orange caruncles (large warts) above the base of the bill, and a bright blue ring around the eye. After the breeding season, the plumage fades, the eye-ring becomes lead-blue, and the caruncles become smaller and duller-colored.

Juveniles are dark brown with varying amounts of white underneath and brown iris, bill, and feet. They have no caruncles, and their eye-rings are lead-blue. They acquire adult plumage gradually.

Unlike many cormorants, this species does not spread its wings when it is perched.

Feeding

Kerguelen Shags presumably eat mostly fish and such invertebrates as echinoderms, crustaceans, and polychaete worms. In summer they mostly forage alone, but from May to October they form linear flocks of several hundred, diving and surfacing sequentially down the line.

Reproduction

This species breeds in colonies, usually of 3 to 30 pairs but occasionally up to 400. Colonies may be near those of Rockhopper Penguins. There is a period of nest-building and displaying in late March and early April—an unusual time for a subantarctic cormorant. Advertising males display by throwing the head back till the nape touches the tail. Nests are cones of seaweed, twigs, and grass held together with mud and guano, up to 1 meter tall and 33 cm across, with a cup averaging 20 cm across and 8 cm deep. Nests that survive may be reused, perhaps not by the same pair. Breeding activity starts as early as September, but laying usually starts at some point from late October to late November and lasts till mid January; the times vary considerably among colonies. The clutch comprises 2 to 4 eggs, about 6.2 cm long and 3.9 cm wide. The second egg is laid 2 or 3 days after the first. Both parents incubate for an average of 29 days. Both protect the chicks from predation by skuas, gulls, and sheathbills, which nevertheless take some chicks. Chicks hatch black with a pink throat and develop blackish-brown down with grayish-white tufts. Other aspects of reproductive behavior and success are unknown.

The population was about 6,000 to 7,000 pairs in 1984–1987. Interactions with human beings and introduced mammals do not appear to be damaging the population.

Classification

This species has been placed in genera "Halieus", "Hypoleucos", "Notocarbo", and "Leucocarbo".Citation | last1 = Marchant | first1 = S. | last2 = Higgins | first2 = P. J. | year = 2002 | title = HANZAB species list | publisher = Birds Australia | url = http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/hanzab/HANZAB_spp_list.pdf | format = pdf | accessdate = 2007-10-11] It is often considered conspecific with some other blue-eyed shags under the name Imperial Shag. [Citation | author = IUCN 2007 | title = 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=Phalacrocorax&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&cty_default=1&aquatic%5B%5D=all&aqu_default=1&regions%5B%5D=all&reg_default=1&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&growths%5B%5D=all
accessdate = 2007-10-11] Here it is considered a separate species following the "Handbook of the Birds of the World" [Citation | last = Orta | first = Jaume | year = 1992 | chapter = Family Phalacrocoracidae | pages = 326–353 | editor = del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (editors) | title = Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks | publisher = Lynx Edicions | location = Barcelona | isbn 84-87334-10-5] and other authorities [Citation | last = Clements | first = James F. | author-link = James F. Clements | year = 2007 | title = The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World | publisher = Cornell University Press | edition = Sixth | isbn = 978-0-8014-4501-9, according to Citation | last = Lepage | first = Denis | year = 2003–2007 | title = Avibase - the world bird database | url = http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/species.jsp?lang=EN&id=EED6B97D8B3A6393&ts=1192080391578&sec=summary | accessdate = Sept. 22, 2007]

It has been suggested that Heard Shags may visit the Kerguelens and that Kerguelen Shags with white wing or back patches are the result of hybridization.

Etymology

The epithet "verrucosus" means "full of warts", referring to the facial ornaments. [citation | last = Jaeger | first = Edmund C | year = 1978 | title = A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms | publisher = Charles C. Thomas | pages = 280 | isbn 0-398-00916-3]

References