Twenty, Lincolnshire

infobox UK place
country = England
latitude= 52.7711
longitude= -0.2909
official_name= Twenty
population =
shire_district= South Kesteven
region= East Midlands
shire_county = Lincolnshire
constituency_westminster=
post_town= BOURNE
postcode_district = PE10
postcode_area= PE
dial_code= 01778
os_grid_reference= TF153207

Twenty is a small, somewhat remote hamlet, 4 miles (6 km) east of the market town of Bourne, (between Bourne and Spalding) in Lincolnshire, England. Agriculture is the major industry.

It is situated on the A151 road, possibly originally a Roman road or Norman causeway, a road today notable for the very deep drainage dyke that runs alongside it.

Twenty is surrounded by rich land reclaimed from wetland which was formerly fenland interspersed with marine creeks. It is part of the broad lowland, reclaimed from freshwater fen, marine marshland and creek levees, known as the Lincolnshire Fens). It is now some of the richest agricultural silt (marine) and black (freshwater) land in England, though the oxidation of the humus of the black soil has progressively exposed more of the clay derived from the underlying former salt-marsh. When the Lindsey level was re-drained after the seventeenth century Civil Wars, the new scheme was named the 'Black Sluice Level' after the sluice at Boston, through which it drained to the sea. Thus, Twenty stands in Bourne North Fen, which is the southern end of the Black Sluice Level.

Several media stunts have associated themselves with the name of the place, in the past few decades; most notably by "The Sun" newspaper around its £0.20 price. Its inhabitants too, have a sense of humour. For example, its horizon is as wide as the sea's - so a regulation pattern road sign appeared, declaring that Twenty had been twinned with The Moon. Across this had been spray-painted the legend - "no atmosphere".

History

Medieval

According to a Peterborough monk's "de Gestis Herwardi Saxonis", Bourne was the boyhood home of Hereward the Wake. With one or two exceptions, such as where two historical revolts are reported as one, the account can be verified to a surprising degree of probability by comparison with reports from other sources and by correlation of the account's geography with the likely reality in the English Fens and the southern Netherlands.

When he found that he might lose his inheritance, Hereward used the local terrain - fen and forest, to engage in a vigorous resistance to the Norman conquest. In the same year that Twenty's rail station opened (1866), the novelist Charles Kingsley published his famous romance " [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7815 Hereward, the Last of the English] " (full-text link), in which he vividly describes the Fens as he thought they had been in around 1070. His tale was a rewriting of the Peterborough monk's account, according to the taste of the 1860s. The Fens in general, though not around Twenty in particular, are also described in several modern novels, some of them about Hereward.

In 1138, Bourne was divided into two manors on the foundation of Bourne Abbey, (charter 1138). Some of the fenland, east of Bourne town, appears to have been allocated to each. The initial endowment of the abbey was made by Baldwin Fitzgilbert de Clare and his wife, but later legacies accumulated during the 12th, 13th and later centuries, though the abbey was never very wealthy. Possibly the Twenty area was acquired under the Abbott David from 1156, as fisheries in the 'Bourne marsh', though the connection of this with the site of the future Twenty is speculative. Limited information on how the Bourne fens were reclaimed in the period before 1630 is known. The Abbey was governed by the Arrouaisian Rule, which had been derived from the Augustinian. The distinction became progressively less discernible over the years.

eventeenth century

The Twenty Foot Drain was a main part of Robert Bertie, Earl of Lindsey's drainage scheme, declared complete in 1638 and undone from 1642 onward, during the First English Civil War (1642-46). The Earl died at Edge Hill (23 October 1642). The imposition of the Lindsey level is typical of the many local grievances which led to that war. The fenmen had their way until the 1765 Act of Parliament set the Black Sluice scheme into being. The drain was incorporated into this as a less important feature and persisted into the twentieth century, though the length at Twenty is now filled in. Its name appears as "Old Twenty Foot Drain" alongside Twenty Drove, in plans in the Exeter Estate book of 1826/7.

In the Lindsey Level system, the Twenty Foot drain ran from south of the site of Twenty Station (TF155197), a couple of degrees west of north to Dowsby Fen. There (TF143290), it swept eastwards to drain to the estuary of the River Welland, nowadays at TF133316, by way of Gosberton High Fen, Risegate Eau and Bicker Haven. Its course can still easily be traced though, upstream from the former Dowsby Cross (which stood on the B1397 where its line crosses the South Forty Foot Drain at TF162294 but it is not marked on modern maps), its course in the modern drainage pattern, is now fragmented.

Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries

Sugar beet ("Beta vulgaris") production was first commercially developed in France, in response to the effect of the blockades on imports from the West Indies during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars with Britain and other countries. Later, beet was raised in the reclaimed fenland east of Bourne, after trials elsewhere in England had proved unsuccessful. Although Britain's ravenous demand for sugar was mostly met by European beet and West Indian cane sugar imports until shortly after 1900, the successful sugar beet production in areas such as that around Twenty just met the nation's sugar requirements during World War I & World War II.

Twenty had a Twenty railway station from 1866 until its closure in 1959 when a large part of the local railway system was closed. The station's main apparent use was the removal to market of the produce of the black, humic soil which lay between Twenty and Bourne, as well as the less perishable products of the silt land.

The building style of the now demolished Twenty Farm made it appear to have been built just before the railway station opened. The 1892 Ordnance Survey shows that very little other domestic building had been added to the hamlet after 25 years. The remarkable feature is the administrative nature of the new buildings. To the farm and Railway station had been added the police station and school and that was virtually all. The map also makes it clear that by 1892, the name 'Twenty' had certainly been applied to the hamlet. GBvosi|e=515408|n=320642|cty=|txt=1892 map.RIGHT click and select Open in New Window. Then, left click on enlargement 1 at the bottom left of the map.

Drainage

It is probably unlikely that the A151 was a Roman road as during their times this area was either completely under water or at the very least a watery fen. More likely that the A151 was built during the drainage period or during enclosure of the local land. The Roman boundary was probably formed by the Car Dyke at a time when early land reclamation was in progress. Further land would have been claimed during the Saxon and medieval periods until the main land drainage schemes of the 17th century.

Twenty Foot Drain

The derivation of the name of Twenty has been much speculated about but it seems fairly clear that it arose from its position where, in the mid nineteenth century, the North Fen Drove crossed the seventeenth century Twenty Foot Drain. By that stage, the road gave passage through to Spalding and had been turnpiked. See A151 road.

Nearby attractions

* Bourne Wood 6 miles (10 km) is 500 acres (2 km²) of woodland of primeval origin, though heavily exploited as a valuable resource for hundreds of years and largely replanted with conifers in the years around 1930. Nonetheless, much of the original flora remains and is now being nurtured by the removal of the conifers which are reaching commercial maturity. Features such as a sculpture trail and cycle rides had already been introduced in recent decades. Bourne Wood forms part of the 19-mile Bourne Cycle Trail.

* Bourne Heritage Centre, in South Street, is open on weekend and public holiday afternoons and includes exhibits about local characters such as Hereward the Wake. It also features aspects of the town's past connections with motor racing, haute couture, the railway, agriculture and so on.

External links

* [http://www.skdc.com/Tourism/VisitorServices.aspx?View=4 District Council page on Bourne]
*gbmapping|TF153207 RIGHT click the arrow and select Open in New Window, then "Great Britain", then "aerial photo".

References

*Wheeler, W.H. "A History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire", 2nd edn. Boston & London. 1896. Facsimile edn Paul Watkins. Stamford. 1990. ISBN 1-871615-19-4 .
*Ordnance Survey. 1:25 000 First Series. Sheet TF12 (Dowsby). 1955.
*Croft, E. "Lincolnshire Railway Stations. Reflections of a Bygone Age." Nottingham. 1993. ISBN 0-946245-77-0 . (a photo of Twenty Station).
*Dugdale, W. "Imbanking and Draining". 1662. (map of the Lindsey Level).
*Bevis, T. "Hereward and De Gestis Herwardi Saxonis" Westrydale Press. March. 1981. (direct translation of the Peterborough monk's work).
*.
*Sugar Beet: slightly fuller history in French: see Histoire and ulterior links (Liens externes).