Great Comet of 1882

The Great Comet of 1882 formally designated C/1882 R1, 1882 II, and 1882b, was a comet which became very bright in September 1882. It was a member of the Kreutz Sungrazers, a family of comets which pass within 1 "R"_☉ of the Sun's photosphere at perihelion.Harvnb|Plummer|1889] Harvnb|Sekanina|Chodas|2007] The comet was bright enough to be visible next to the sun in the daytime sky at its perihelion.Harvnb|Tebbutt|1904]

Discovery

The comet appeared suddenly in the morning skies of September 1882, and as it was already visible to the naked eye when it became visible it was discovered independently by many people. Reports suggest that it was first seen as early as 1 September 1882, from the Cape of Good Hope as well as the Gulf of Guinea, and over the next few days many observers in the southern hemisphere reported the new comet.

The first astronomer to record observations of the comet was W. H. Finlay,Harvnb|Gill|1883a] the Chief Assistant at the Royal Observatory in Cape Town, South Africa. Finlay's observation on 7 September at 16h GMT was also an independent discovery, and he reported that the comet had an apparent magnitude of about 3, and a tail about a degree in length.

The comet brightened rapidly, and within days had become an exceptionally bright object. Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape, David Gill, reported watching the comet rise a few minutes before the Sun on 18 September, and described it as "The nucleus was then undoubtedly single, and certainly rather under than over 4″ in diameter; in fact, as I have described it, it resembled very much a star of the 1st magnitude seen by daylight. ".

Perihelion

The comet was rapidly approaching perihelion when it was discovered. At perihelion, the comet is estimated to have been only 300,000 miles from the sun's surface.Subsequent orbital studies have determined that it was a Sungrazing comet, one which passes extremely close to the surface of the Sun. For many hours on either side of its perihelion passage, the comet was easily visible in the daytime sky next to the Sun.It reached an estimated magnitude of −17.

Shortly after perihelion was reached on 17 September, the comet transited the Sun.At the Cape, Finlay observed the comet with the aid of a neutral density filter right up until the moment of transit, when the Sun's was "boiling all about it".Finlay noted that the comet disappeared from view very suddenly, and no trace of it could be seen against the Sun's surface.Harvnb|Kronk|2003]

Post-perihelion evolution

After its perihelion passage, the comet moved into dark skies, and although it faded as it receded from the Sun it remained one of the most prominent objects in the sky. On 30 September, observers, including FinlayHarvnb|Gill|1883b] and E. E. Barnard, began to notice that the comet's nucleus was elongated and broken into two pronounced bright balls of light, and by 17 October it was clear that it had broken into at least five fragments. Observers reported that the relative brightness of the fragments varied from day to day.

In mid-October, the comet developed a notable anti-tail, pointing towards the Sun. Anti-tails are a fairly common cometary phenomenon, and result from orbital geometry giving the appearance of a tail pointing towards the Sun although material can only be driven away from the Sun.

The nucleus reached its maximum apparent size in December 1882. The comet faded gradually, but despite its fragmentation it remained visible to the naked eye until February of 1883. The last definite sighting of the comet was made by B. A. Gould at Córdoba on 1 June 1883.Harvnb|Kreutz|1883]

Orbital studies

Studies of the orbit of the comet showed that the Great Comet of 1882 was moving on an almost identical path to previous great comets seen in C/1843 D1 and C/1880 C1. These comets had also suddenly appeared in the morning sky and had passed extremely close to the Sun at perihelion. One suggestion was that all three were in fact the same comet, with an orbital period that was being drastically shortened at each perihelion passage. However, studies showed this to be untenable, as the orbital period of this comet is 772 ± 3 years and the others are 600-800 years.

Heinrich Kreutz studied the orbits of the three great comets, and developed the idea that the three comets were fragments of a much larger progenitor comet which had broken up at an earlier perihelion passage. The fragmentation of the Great Comet of 1882 itself demonstrated that this was plausible. It is now thought that the Great Comet of 1882 is a fragment of X/1106 C1, and that Comet du Toit (C/1945 X1) and Comet Ikeya-SekiHarvnb|Burke-Gaffney|1968] (C/1965 S1) are two of its sister fragments.

It is now well established that the comets C/1843 D1, C/1880 C1, C/1882 R1, C/1887 B1, C/1963 R1, C/1965 S1, and C/1970 K1 are all members of a family known as the Kreutz Sungrazers, which are all descended from one comet. Current models do not support the frequent supposition in the prior literature that the famous comet of 372 BC is in fact the ultimate parent of the Sungrazers. The comet of 372 BC is often associated with Aristotle who, along with others from his time, described that comet in his writings. However, Aristotle was only twelve at the time of the comet's appearance and the historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, who also wrote about it was born ten years after its appearance. Consequently, their reports should not be taken as eye-witness accounts. Further, there is no mention of the comet in Chinese literature of the time. Instead either the comet of February 423 or of February 467 with orbital periods of around 700 years is now considered the likely progenitor of the Sungrazers. The fragments of the Great Comet of 1882 will return in several hundred years time, spread out over perhaps two or three centuries.

Notes

References

* Citation
last = Burke-Gaffney
first = M. W.
author-link = David Gill (astronomer)
title = Copeland and Lohse and the Comet, 1882 II
journal = Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
year = 1968
date = April 1968
volume = 62
pages = 49
url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JRASC..62...49B
* Citation
last = Gill
first = David
author-link = David Gill (astronomer)
title = On Mr. Finlay's pre-perihelion observations of the Great Comet 1882 II
journal = Astronomische Nachrichten
year = 1883a
date = 1883a
volume = 105
pages = 71
url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1883AN....105...71G
* Citation
last = Gill
first = David
author-link = David Gill (astronomer)
title = note on the nucleus of the Great Comet (b) 1882
journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
year = 1883b
date = April 1883b
volume = 43
pages = 319
url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1883MNRAS..43..319G
* Citation
last = Kreutz
first = Heinrich
author-link = Heinrich Kreutz
title = Ephemeris of the Great Comet, b 1882
journal = The Observatory
year = 1883
date = October 1883
volume = 6
pages = 311
url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1883Obs.....6..311K
* Citation
last = Kronk
first = Gary W.
author-link =
title = Cometography
place = Cambridge, UK
publisher = Cambridge University Press
year = 2003
date = December 2003
isbn = 0521585058
url = http://cometography.com/lcomets/1882r1.html
accessdate = 09-08-2007
* Citation
last = Plummer
first = William Edward
author-link = William Edward Plummer
title = The great comet of September 1882
journal = The Observatory
year = 1889
date = March 1889
volume = 12
pages = 140-142
url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1889Obs....12..140P
* Citation
last1 = Sekanina
first1 = Zdenek
last2 = Chodas
first2 = Paul W.
title = Fragmentation Hierarchy of Bright Sungrazing Comets and the Birth and Orbital Evolution of the Kreutz System. II. The Case for Cascading Fragmentation
journal = The Astrophysical Journal
year = 2007
date = July 2007
volume = 663
issue = 1
pages = 657-676
url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...663..657S
* Citation
last = Tebbutt
first = John
author-link = John Tebbutt
title = The great comet of 1882
journal = The Observatory
year = 1904
date = March 1904
volume = 27
pages = 133-134
url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1904Obs....27..133T

External links

* [http://cometography.com/lcomets/1882r1.html Cometography.com]

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