Fort Lyon (Virginia)

Infobox Military Structure
name=Fort Lyon
partof=the Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.
location=Alexandria, Virginia
coordinates=coord|38.7939|-77.0778|region:US_type:landmark|display=inline


caption=A diagram of Fort Lyon, indicating cannon, magazine, and bombproof locations as well as the overall shape of the fort.
type=Earthwork fort
code=
built=1861
builder=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
materials=Earth, timber
height=
used=1861–1865
demolished=1865
condition=Dismantled
ownership=
open_to_public=
controlledby=Union Army
garrison=
current_commander=
commanders=
occupants=
battles=American Civil War
events=

Fort Lyon was a timber and earthwork fortification constructed south of Alexandria, Virginia as part of the defenses of Washington, D.C. during the American Civil War. Built in the weeks following the Union defeat at Bull Run, Fort Lyon was situated on Eagle Hill south of Hunting Creek, then known as Cameron Run. From its position on one of the highest points south of Alexandria, the fort overlooked Telegraph Road, the Columbia Turnpike, the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and the southern approaches to the city of Alexandria, the largest settlement in Union-occupied Northern Virginia.

Occupation of Arlington

Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Alexandria County (renamed Arlington County in 1920), the northernmost county in Virginia and the closest to Washington, D.C., was a predominantly rural area. Originally part of the District of Columbia, the land now comprising the county was retroceded to Virginia in a July 9, 1846 act of Congress that took effect in 1847. [cite web|url=http://www.citymuseumdc.org/gettoknow/faq.asp|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Washington, D.C., The Historical Society of Washington, D.C.|accessmonthday=September 13|accessyear=2007] Most of the county is hilly, and at the time, most of the county's population was concentrated in the city of Alexandria, at the far southeastern corner of the county. In 1861, the rest of the county largely consisted of scattered farms, the occasional house, fields for grazing livestock, and Arlington House, owned by Mary Custis, wife of Robert E. Lee. [cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/arho/tour/history/evacuation.html|title=Evacuation of Arlington House, U.S. National Park Service.|accessmonthday=September 13|accessyear=2007]

Following the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 14, 1861, new American president Abraham Lincoln declared that "an insurrection existed," and called for 75,000 troops to be called up to quash the rebellion. [E.B. Long with Barbara Long, "The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac 1861-1865" (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971), pp. 47-50] The move sparked resentment in many other southern states, which promptly moved to convene discussions of secession. The Virginia State Convention passed "an ordinance of secession" and ordered a May 23 referendum to decide whether or not the state should secede from the Union. The U.S. Army responded by creating the Department of Washington, which united all Union troops in the District of Columbia and Maryland under one command. [cite web|url=67|title=INSERT TITLE|last=Long|first=p]

Brigadier General J.F.K. Mansfield, commander of the Department of Washington, argued that Northern Virginia should be occupied as soon as possible in order to prevent the possibility of the Confederate Army mounting artillery on the hills of Arlington and shelling government buildings in Washington. He also urged the erection of fortifications on the Virginia side of the Potomac River to protect the southern terminuses of the Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge. His superiors approved these recommendations, but decided to wait until after Virginia voted for or against secession. [Cooling, Benjamin Franklin, III, Symbol, Sword, and Shield: Defending Washington During the Civil War Second Edition Revised (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing Company, 1991), pp. 32-26, 41.]

On May 23, 1861, Virginia voted by a margin of 3 to 1 in favor of leaving the Union. That night, U.S. Army troops began crossing the bridges linking Washington, D.C. to Virginia. The march, which began at 10 p.m. on the night of the 23rd, was described in colorful terms by the New York Herald two days later:

There can be no more complaints of inactivity of the government. The forward march movement into Virginia, indicated in my despatches last night, took place at the precise time this morning that I named, but in much more imposing and powerful numbers.

About ten o'clock last night four companies of picked men moved over the Long Bridge, as an advance guard. They were sent to reconnoitre, and if assailed were ordered to signal, when they would have been reinforced by a corps of regular infantry and a battery....

At twelve o'clock the infantry regiment, artillery and cavalry corps began to muster and assume marching order. As fast as the several regiments were ready they proceeded to the Long Bridge, those in Washington being directed to take that route.

The troops quartered at Georgetown, the Sixty-ninth, Fifth, Eighth and Twenty-eighth New York regiments, proceeded across what is known as the chain bridge, above the mouth of the Potomac Aqueduct, under the command of General McDowell. They took possession of the heights in that direction.

The imposing scene was at the Long Bridge, where the main body of the troops crossed. Eight thousand infantry, two regular cavalry companies and two sections of Sherman's artillery battalion, consisting of two batteries, were in line this side of the Long Bridge at two o'clock."New York Herald". "THE INSURRECTION. ADVANCE OF THE FEDERAL TROOPS INTO VIRGINIA," Washington, D.C., May 24, 1861.]

The occupation of Northern Virginia was peaceful, with the sole exception of the town of Alexandria. There, as Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, commander of the New York Fire Zouaves (11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment), entered a local hotel to remove the Confederate flag flying above it, he was shot and killed by James Jackson, the proprietor. Ellsworth was one of the first men killed in the American Civil War. [Ames W. Williams, "The Occupation of Alexandria," "Virginia Cavalcade", Volume 11, (Winter 1961-62), pp. 33-34.] Throughout the remainder of the war, Alexandria would lean strongly towards the Confederate government, necessitating continued occupation by a Union garrison. [cite web|url=http://www.alexandria.lib.va.us/lhsc_online_exhibits/cwpix/d530t.html|title=Alexandria Library, Diary of Henry B. Whittington, May 31, 1861.]

Battle of Bull Run

Over the seven weeks that followed the occupation of northern Virginia, forts were constructed along the banks of the Potomac River and at the approaches to each of the three major bridges (Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge) connecting Virginia to Washington and Georgetown. [J.G. Barnard and W.F. Barry, "Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations of the Army of the Potomac from Its Organization to the Close of the Peninsular Campaign," (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), pp. 9-10.]

While the Potomac River forts were being built, planning and surveying was ordered for an enormous new ring of forts to protect the city. Unlike the fortifications under construction, the new forts would defend the city in all directions, not just the most direct route through Arlington. In mid-July, this work was interrupted by the First Battle of Bull Run. As the Army of Northeastern Virginia marched south to Manassas, the soldiers previously assigned to construction duties marched instead to battle. In the days that followed the Union defeat at Bull Run, panicked efforts were made to defend Washington from what was perceived as an imminent Confederate attack. [Margaret Leech, "Reveille in Washington" (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1941), pp. 101-110.] The makeshift trenches and earthworks that resulted were largely confined to Arlington and the direct approaches to Washington.

On July 26, 1861, five days after the battle, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan was named commander of the military district of Washington and the subsequently renamed Army of the Potomac. Upon arriving in Washington, McClellan was appalled by the condition of the city's defenses.

"In no quarter were the dispositions for defense such as to offer a vigorous resistance to a respectable body of the enemy, either in the position and numbers of the troops or the number and character of the defensive works... not a single defensive work had been commenced on the Maryland side. There was nothing to prevent the enemy shelling the city from heights within easy range, which could be occupied by a hostile column almost without resistance." [U.S., War Department, "The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies," 70 Volumes (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1880-1901) I, Volume 5, p. 11.]

To remedy the situation, one of McClellan's first orders upon taking command was to greatly expand the defenses of Washington. At all points of the compass, forts and entrenchments would be constructed in sufficient strength to defeat any attack. ["Official Records", Series I, Volume 5, Chapter 14, p. 679.] Alexandria, which contained the southern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and one of the largest ports in the Chesapeake Bay, was an object of "anxious study." ["Official Records", Series I, Volume 5, Chapter 14, p. 680.]

Planning and construction

Gen. Horatio Wright, who had overseen the construction of Fort Ellsworth, and Gen. John Newton, who was in charge of the forts south of Four Mile Run, supervised the construction and managed the flow of men and material. ["Official Records", Series I, Volume 5, Chapter 14, p. 684.]

Wartime use

On June 9, 1863, Fort Lyon was rocked by an enormous black powder explosion that resulted in the deaths of 25 soldiers and the destruction of eight tons of powder and several thousand rounds of ammunition. The explosion was loud enough to be heard in nearby Alexandria, and one onlooker remarked that the explosion looked like "Vesuvius during an eruption." [cite web|url=http://oha.alexandriava.gov/fortward/special-sections/voices/|title=Fort Ward Museum, "Voices from the Past." Frobel, Anne S. Letter, June 1863.] In the wake of the explosion, Fort Ward and Alexandria were visited by many military and civilian dignitaries, including Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and President Abraham Lincoln. [cite web|url=http://oha.alexandriava.gov/fortward/special-sections/voices/|title=Fort Ward Museum, "Voices from the Past." Bissel, Lewis. Letter, June 17, 1863.]

References

External links

*U.S. National Park Service [http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/civilwar/index.htm Historic Resource Study of the Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.]